Make a Science Fair Poster or Display

The first step to creating a successful science project display is to read the rules concerning the size and types of materials allowed. Unless you are required to present your project on a single board, I recommend a tri-fold cardboard or heavy poster board display. This is a central piece of cardboard/posterboard with two fold-out wings. The folding aspect not only helps the display support itself, but it is also great protection for the interior of the board during transport. Avoid wooden displays or flimsy poster board. Make sure the display will fit inside any vehicle that is required for transportation. Organization and Neatness Organize your poster using the same sections as are listed in the report. Print each section using a computer, preferably with a laser printer, so that bad weather wont cause the ink to run. Put a title for each section at its top, in letters large enough to be seen from several feet away (very large font size). The focal point of your display should be your purpose and hypothesis. Its great to include photos and bring your project with you  if it is allowed and space permits. Try to arrange your presentation in a logical manner on the board. Feel free to use color to make your presentation stand out. In addition to recommending laser printing, my personal preference is to use a sans serif font because such fonts tend to be easier to read from a distance. As with the report, check spelling, grammar, and punctuation. TitleFor a science fair, you probably want a catchy, clever title. Otherwise, try to make it an accurate description of the project. For example, I could entitle a project, Determining Minimum NaCl Concentration that can be Tasted in Water. Avoid unnecessary words, while covering the essential purpose of the project. Whatever title you come up with, get it critiqued by friends, family, or teachers. If you are using a tri-fold board, the title usually is placed at the top of the middle board.PicturesIf at all possible, include color photographs of your project, samples from the project, tables, and graphs. Photos and objects are visually appealing and interesting.Introduction and PurposeSometimes this section is called Background. Whatever its name, this section introduces the topic of the project, notes any information already available, explains why you are interested in the project, and states the purpose of the project.The Hypothesis or QuestionExplicitly state your hypothesis or question.Materials and MethodsList the materials you used in your project and describe the procedure that you used to perform the project. If you have a photo or diagram of your project, this is a good place to include it.Data and ResultsData and Results are not the same thing. Data refers to the actual numbers or other information you obtained in your project. If you can, present the data in a table or graph. The Results section is where the data is manipulated or the hypothesis is tested. Sometimes this analysis will yield tables, graphs, or charts, too. More commonly, the Results section will explain the significance of the data or will involve a statistical test.ConclusionThe Conclusion focuses on the Hypothesis or Question as it compares to the Data and Results. What was the answer to the question? Was the hypothesis supported (keep in mind a hypothesis cannot be proved, only disproved)? What did you find out from the experiment? Answer these questions first. Then, depending on your answers, you may wish to explain ways in which the project might be improved or introduce new questions that have come up as a result of the project. This section is judged not only by what you were able to conclude  but also by your recognition of areas where you could ​not draw valid conclusions based on your data.ReferencesYou may need to cite references or provide a bibliography for your project. In some cases, this is pasted onto the poster. Other science fairs prefer that you simply print it out and have it available, placed below or beside the poster. Be Prepared Most of the time, you will need to accompany your presentation, explain your project, and answer questions. Sometimes the presentations have time limits. Practice what you are going to say, out loud, to a person or at least a mirror. If you can give your presentation to a person, practice having a question and answer session. On the day of the presentation, dress neatly, be polite, and smile! Congratulations on a successful science project!

Exploring the Discipline of Geography as a Science

Many secondary education institutions, particularly in the United States, include very minimal study of geography. They opt instead for separation and focus of many individual cultural and physical sciences, such as history, anthropology, geology, and biology, which are encompassed within the realms of both cultural geography and physical geography. History of Geography The trend to ignore geography in classrooms does seem to be slowly changing, though. Universities are starting to recognize more the value of geographic study and training and thus provide more classes and degree opportunities. However, there is still a long way to go before geography is widely recognized by all as a true, individual, and progressive science. This article will briefly cover parts of the history of geography, important discoveries, uses of the discipline today, and the methods, models, and technologies that geography uses, providing evidence that geography qualifies as a valuable science. The discipline of geography is among the most ancient of all sciences, possibly even the oldest because it seeks to answer some of man’s most primitive questions. Geography was recognized anciently as a scholarly subject, and can be traced back to Eratosthenes, a Greek scholar who lived around 276-196 B.C.E. and who is often called, â€Å"the father of geography.† Eratosthenes was able to estimate the circumference of the earth with relative accuracy, using the angles of shadows, the distance between two cities, and a mathematical formula. Claudius Ptolemaeus: Roman Scholar and Ancient Geographer Another important ancient geographer was Ptolemy, or Claudius Ptolemaeus, a Roman scholar who lived from about 90-170 C.E. Ptolemy is best known for his writings, the Almagest (about astronomy and geometry), the Tetrabiblos (about astrology), and the Geography – which significantly advanced geographic understanding at that time. Geography used the first ever recorded grid coordinates, longitude and latitude, discussed the important notion that a three-dimensional shape such as the earth could not be perfectly represented on a two-dimensional plane, and provided a large array of maps and pictures. Ptolemy’s work was not as accurate as today’s calculations, mostly due to inaccurate distances from place to place. His work influenced many cartographers and geographers after it was rediscovered during the Renaissance. Alexander von Humboldt: Father of Modern Geography Alexander von Humboldt, a German traveler, scientist, and geographer from 1769-1859, is commonly known as the â€Å"father of modern geography.† Von Humboldt contributed discoveries such as magnetic declination, permafrost, continentality, and created hundreds of detailed maps from his extensive traveling – including his own invention, isotherm maps (maps with isolines representing points of equal temperature). His greatest work, Kosmos, is a compilation of his knowledge about the earth and its relationship with humans and the universe – and remains one of the most important geographical works in the history of the discipline. Without Eratosthenes, Ptolemy, von Humboldt, and many other important geographers, important and essential discoveries, world exploration and expansion, and advancing technologies would not have taken place. Through their use of mathematics, observation, exploration, and research, mankind has been able to experience progress and see the world, in ways unimaginable to early man. Science in Geography Modern geography, as well as many of the great, early geographers, adheres to the scientific method and pursues scientific principles and logic. Many important geographic discoveries and inventions were brought forth through a complex understanding of the earth, its shape, size, rotation, and the mathematical equations that utilize that understanding. Discoveries like the compass, north and south poles, the earth’s magnetism, latitude and longitude, rotation and revolution, projections and maps, globes, and more modernly, geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), and remote sensing – all come from rigorous study and a complex understanding of the earth, its resources, and mathematics. Today we use and teach geography much as  we have for centuries. We often use simple maps, compasses, and globes, and learn about the physical and cultural geography of different regions of the world. But today we also use and teach geography in very different ways as well. We are a world that is increasingly digital and computerized. Geography is not unlike other sciences that have broken into that realm to advance our understanding of the world. We not only possess digital maps and compasses, but GIS and remote sensing allow for an understanding of the earth, the atmosphere, its regions, its different elements and processes, and how it can all relate to humans. Jerome E. Dobson, president of the American Geographical Society writes (in his article Through the Macroscope: Geographys View of the World) that these modern geographic tools â€Å"constitute a macroscope that allows scientists, practitioners, and the public alike to view the earth as never before.† Dobson argues that geographic tools allow for scientific advancement, and therefore geography deserves a place among the fundamental sciences, but more importantly, it deserves more of a role in education. Recognizing geography as a valuable science, and studying and utilizing progressive geographical tools, will allow for many more scientific discoveries in our world

Police Corruption An Analytical Look into Police Ethics

Police Corruption Justin Villeneuve Nipissing University CRJS 4917 For years, we have considered any discussions of police misconduct as taboo. After all, these are the men and woman in which we, as citizens, give the responsibility of keeping us out of harms way. We all know it is present within law enforcement in some shape or form, but we ignore its relevance in the way our criminal justice system works. Assumptions of police misconduct and corruption have long been suppressed and silenced through false litigation and system betrayal. The silencing or ignorance of police misconduct acts a strengthening mechanism which those, who engage in this type of behaviour, use as a motivational tool. It is becoming a popular belief that†¦show more content†¦So what is it that creates these delays and could they be in fact deliberate? In the two cases mentioned here, Sewell provides three possible reasons for the excessive delays. The first is the understaffing of the special task force assigned to the case. The second pertains to the reluctance of the task force to proceed charges against their own. The third makes reference to the police culture that says police should stay together through thick and thin (Sewell, 2010). Sewell seems to put an emphasis on police culture and its relation to these allegations. Jerome H. Skolnick, in his article, â€Å"Corruption and The Blue Code of Silence†, offers an explanation for the reluctance of officers to proceed charges against their own. The blue code is also called the blue wall or the blue curtain. Skolnick states that â€Å"at its best, the feeling of loyalty and brotherhood sustaining the â€Å"Code of Silence† may facilitate policing and protect police against genuine threats to safety and well being† (Skolnick, 2002, p.300). In saying this Skolnick is making note of the positives that this blue code has to offer. Yet the same code of loyalty and brotherhood is able to sustain an oppositional criminal subculture by protecting those officers who chose to es cape the functions of their profession and violate criminal sanctions. Police work is often done in an unpredictable manner in which police must act on their feet knowing that one poor choice may result in drasticShow MoreRelatedPolice Subculture And Corruption Within Law Enforcement951 Words   |  4 Pagespaper will be discussing police corruption, what it means and reasons it happens. Also exploring the police subculture, what it means, why it exists and if it contributes to corruption by law enforcement. Police subculture and corruption defined. A subculture is a group of people that generally share attitudes, views, rules, principles, beliefs, ways of living, and behaviors that differs in one or more ways from the culture. Law enforcement has a very distinct police subculture that has ideasRead MoreGovernment Enforcement Has Been Active Since The Beginning Of This Occupation1926 Words   |  8 Pages Corruption in law enforcement has been active since the beginning of this occupation. Certain characteristics of policing have changed throughout its years, but corruption is not one of them. In actuality, this phenomenon has increased significantly throughout its years. We are seeing more and more officers being arrested now. These arrests do not include the hundreds of officers that have not been caught. Police corruption can generally be defined as using one’s authority and power as a policeRead MoreEthics766 Words   |  4 PagesIndividuals face many challenges when entering into new employment or profession. The new job’s culture is not quickly learned; therefore, one has to observe and take notes on his or her new job’s way of doing things and adapt. In this ethical dilemma, a police officer has just transferred to a new department. In his transition to the new department, the officer witnesses another officer violating the department’s ethical code of coduct. The officer witnesses another officer taking gifts from the communityRead More Racial Profiling: Driving While Black is a Real Offense in America1331 Words   |  6 Pagesprominent athletes, members of Congress, actors, lawyers, business leaders and even police officers, have experienced the humiliation of being stopped on the nation’s highways upon suspicion of a crime. Few white motorists can tell the same story.† (Bouie 2014). Most colored motorists have had this feeling at least once while driving. The article, Its Been Proven: Driving While Black is a Real Thing takes a look at incidents around the United States where the multitude of racial stops have beenRead More Police Misconduct and Corruption Essay2489 Words   |  10 PagesWithin our police system in America, there are gaps and loopholes that give leeway to police officials who either abuse the authority given to them or do not represent the ethical standards that they are expected to li ve up to by society. Because of the nature of police work, there is a potential for deterioration of these ethical and moral standards through deviance, misconduct, corruption, and favoritism. Although these standards are set in place, many police officers are not held accountable forRead MoreOutline of Law Enforcement Essay1487 Words   |  6 PagesHonor this is recommended as by the International Association of Chiefs of Police as symbolic statement of commitment to ethical behavior: â€Å"On my honor, I will never betray my badge, my integrity, my character, or the public trust. I will always have the courage to hold myself and others accountable for our actions. I will always uphold the constitution to my community and the agency I serve.† (The law enforcement code of ethics) Law enforcement professionals use the social justice principles ofRead MoreCommunity Policing Corruption2295 Words   |  10 PagesPolicing November 29, 2012 The Costs of Corruption In today’s society, the amount of crime that occurs can be quite difficult to deal with and responsibility ends up falling on police to curtail it. Unfortunately, the infectious nature of crime often drags these assigned â€Å"stoppers† into the same mud that they are trying to prevent others from falling into. When officers abuse their legally sanctioned position of authority, it is known as police corruption. It is a persistent problem that is moreRead MoreCorruption Of The Police Force2082 Words   |  9 Pages Have you ever witnessed corruption in the police force on your television? Corruption in the police force does happen in real life. Corruption happens when police authority abuses their power. This paper will discuss why corruption happens, who it affects, and why it needs to be addressed. In addition, it will include three persons who have received media attention from police corruption, a discussion of laws which prevent it, a possible solution, and an interview from someone who has a careerRead MoreCorruption in Bangladesh4749 Words   |  19 PagesIntroduction Corruption is a topic of interest and concern in academic circles, in the media, among people of different professions, within the civil service, among members of parliament, politicians, government officials, members of the business and financial communities, students, foreign investors, and so on. In other words, the term corruption is not new to Bangladesh. We all know that Bangladesh is one of the most corrupted country in the world. Bangladesh is the five times champions in corruption inRead MoreEthics and Social Responsibility Essay9502 Words   |  39 Pages* Analytical paper - â€Å"3 value† analysis of law, ethics, and social responsibility * Current, controversial, and narrowly focused topic involving business directly or indirectly * Significance of topic B. Background Information regarding topic II. Legal Section (Ashley) A. Introduction to Legal Section B. Statement of Relevant Legal Principles and Rules of Law C. Application of Law to Topic and Legal Analysis D. Legal Conclusion (and transition to Ethics Section)

The Attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin Toward Political Authority and Social Order free essay sample

The Protestant Reformation was initiated by the Augustinian monk Martin Luther, who developed different views concerning how society should be run and how government should be adhered; which were in opposition to his third successor, the French lawyer, John Calvin. The Protestant Reformation was a movement which emerged in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe. Although politically Martin Luther wanted the current monarchy to remain as the form of government, socially he preferred nobility over the peasants but sympathized with them and wanted social order to remain with the same division of lower and upper classes. On the contrary, John Calvin believed that the political authority should be changed from monarchy to the reformed church and socially wished for a social revolution where Christians were able to rule and have authority. Although, Luther worked in the existing political framework, Calvin on the other hand wanted to overpower the existing government. We will write a custom essay sample on The Attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin Toward Political Authority and Social Order or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Martin Luther wanted monarchy to remain as the form of government. This is so, because he needed the support from the Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in order to survive since the Emperor, Charles V, condemned him with heresy. Although Luther advocated religious reform, like Calvin; he believed that people should obey their political authorities. Yet, he encouraged German princes to reform the Church in their states and promoted the ideal that the Church was not subject to the pope’s interpretation. Unlike Luther, John Calvin was significantly radical and believed that the political authority should be changed from monarchy to the reformed church. Calvin developed the concept of predestination in which he believed that Calvinists were the chosen people of God, the elect, and the favored by God. In contrast to Luther, he believed church and city should combine to enforce Christian behavior. Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva where religious leaders, called the Prebysters, dominated the city’s government and had the power to impose harsh penalties for those who did not follow God’s will. While Luther socially sided with nobility, John Calvin wished for a social revolution. Unlike Calvin, Luther preferred nobility over the peasants but sympathized with them. He was a conservative on social and economic issues. He opposed the peasants and supported the princes in their suppression of the revolt in 1524. Because Luther believed that the church consisted of a â€Å"priesthood of ll believers† he did not believe in a hierarchical structure. Overall, Luther believed the social order should remain as it was because the reformation was a process from within the person. Contrary to Luther’s belief, John Calvin wished for a social revolution. Calvin wanted to re-order and mold society according to God’s plans in which men and women should a ct externally as they believe. Like Luther, Calvin ended both monasticism and the celibacy of the clergy. Contrary to Luther, Calvin emphasized a puritanical approach to life, which involved a rejection of worldly pleasures.