The Banality of Abstraction Western Philosophys Failure to Address the Moral Implications of the Holocaust

The Banality of Abstraction Western Philosophys Failure to Address the Moral Implications of the Holocaust Two of the 20th Century’s most prominent philosophers were Martin Heidegger and Hannah Arendt, who happened to live and work during the time period in which the atrocities of The Holocaust were committed. In addition to a strong mutually beneficial intellectual relationship, the two of them had a romantic affair.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The ‘Banality’ of Abstraction: Western Philosophy’s Failure to Address the Moral Implications of the Holocaust specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fact that he was a German and she was a Jew makes their story all the more interesting. Why would a man who loved a Jewish woman be a strong supporter of German politics during the Holocaust? Why would Arendt forgive him? Can Heideggerian philosophy account for the catastrophic crimes committed against the Jewish race? What good are philosophic ideals if they do not address morality in everyday life? In t his essay, I attempt to address some of these questions. Additionally, I would like to address the relationship of Arendt and Heidegger in the context of The Holocaust, and the effect that it had upon their philosophical works. Also, I attempt to prove that Heidegger’s political failings, and a refusal to admit any wrongdoing on the part of the German government, undermine his philosophical credibility, while Arendt’s public endorsement of him and his ideals weakens her credibility as a voice of the Jewish people. Philosophy is the study of and the admiration for wisdom itself. It comes from the Greek words â€Å"philos,† meaning love and â€Å"sophia,† which means wisdom. After his mentor Husserl, Heidegger was a major proponent of â€Å"phenomenology,† the philosophic study of structures of consciousness- sort of a detailed look at what the process of thinking is itself, and how philosophies are created. In 1923 Heidegger took a position at Marbu rg University, working as an associate professor. He continued to work in phenomenology and also lectured on Aristotle. During this time period, he worked on his treatise, Being and Time, which was ultimately seen as a major philosophical work. Partially due to this accomplishment, Heidegger was awarded the position of Philosophic Chair in 1928 at Freiberg University. With Hitler’s rise to power, Heidegger’s life entered a more controversial stage, referred to as â€Å"the turn.† Though he had been rather apolitical prior to the 1930’s, the increasing demands of university hierarchy necessitated a certain degree of political involvement. He was elected rector of Freiburg University in 1933, and soon after joined the NSDAP party. His infamous rector’s address from that post is often seen as evidence of Nazi support, though the movement is not specifically mentioned. However, actions speak louder than words, and during his rectorship, Heidegger willi ngly transformed the university into the National-Socialist mold, expelling Jewish academics, and not even objecting to the firing of his previous mentor Husserl.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Perhaps surprisingly, a year later Heidegger resigned from the post, and expressed some covert criticism of Nazi ideology, engendering the surveillance of The Gestapo, and eventually sent to dig trenches. Heidegger’s ambiguous relationship with the Nazi party has sparked a great deal of criticism, and continues to this day. Books like The Political Ontology of Martin Heidegger by Pierre Bourdieu, Heidegger and the Jews by Jean-Franà §ois Lyotard, and The German Genius: Europes Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution, and the Twentieth Century by Peter Watson question whether Heidegger’s philosophy should be considered valid in light of his political sympat hies. He was considered a great ideologist and was banned from teaching at the same time. Even in his own time, Heidegger’s loyalties were questioned. On the one hand, his actions garnered the suspicions of the Gestapo and were anti-government enough to get him a post digging trenches. On the other hand, because at one point he’d been an openly anti-Semitic rector, he was banned from teaching until 1949. The ban was lifted in part due to Hannah Arendt’s willingness to vouch for him (Rosenbaum), interesting in its own right. Still, he continued to write until his death, with increasingly obscure texts. In 1924 Hannah Arendt enrolled as a student at Marlburg University to study philosophy, and took classes with Martin Heidegger a year later. The contradictory nature of their relationship encapsulates the cognitive dissonance between the ideals of the National Socialist Movement and its reality. Though a brilliant philosopher, Heidegger as a man failed to address t he moral implications of the Holocaust, and as a result lost the respect of his peers, students, and by extension, Western philosophy as a whole suffered. He was the most prominent philosopher of his time, gaining near-celebrity status, but he was a contradictory man. He espoused virtue, yet cheated on his wife. He loved Hannah Arendt for her mind, yet made her feel as though she must stifle her intelligence in his presence so as not to threaten his egoistic intelligence. He cared deeply for a Jewish woman, and his best teacher was a Jewish man, Edmond Husserl, yet he upon becoming rector of The University of Freiburg, he banned Jewish intellectuals from the establishment. The relationship between Heidegger and Arendt can be seen as a metaphor for the arc of philosophy as a whole during the time period in which they lived.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The ‘Banality’ of Abstraction: Western Philosophy’s Failure to Address the Moral Imp lications of the Holocaust specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, Heidegger alone was prominent, garnering fame through books like Being and Time (1927) and The Task of Thinking (1964) and teaching notable courses that gained him fame and recognition uncommon for a philosopher. At this time, philosophy was a mainstay in German society, something upon which people could rely at a time when government wasn’t fulfilling the needs of its people. Cultural zeitgeist- a return to nature- a metaphysical observation of details and thoughts and principles, not the rigidity of prior ideas introduced by Nietzsche, the key notable feature of which was the natural approach that was later applied to all fields of science and industry as well as education and politics. Then, Arendt entered the picture, representative the increasing presence of women at the university level, and all for which that stood- she was said to have brought a conscience to t he world of philosophy, weighing the grand ideas of her time against private principles of good and evil, applying them to reality. With the change in government, everything shifted. Arendt was interned, then escaped to America,- excised from academic society as all Jews and most women of the time were. Heidegger gained prominence during this same time period, delivering a rectorial address promoting the Nazi Socialist Movement based on the ideas that development of a man and technological progress should be simultaneous and be carried out highlighting the triumph of a man over technology though focusing on the importance of a symbiosis between a man and technology. As the Holocaust dragged on, and it became increasingly clear that it was not a movement of ideals but one of hatred and destruction, the banished point of view of Hannah Arendt became the mainstay in public opinion. With her publication years later of Eichmann in Jerusalem: a Report on the Banality of Evil (2006), she c aptured the thought of the time, answering for herself questions full of emotional coloring and philosophical ideas of why people make others suffer through the most sophisticated and cruel crimes against the humankind (Avineri). However, the answers were nothing without actions but she could do nothing physically to prevent those crimes and humiliation, destruction and devastation.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, we see the difficult but grand triumph of forgiveness over ignorance and intolerance. Though Heidegger never apologized for his political actions, and never even explained the reasoning behind why he acted in the way that he did, Arendt forgave him. The two reconnected with a tenuous academic friendship, mostly in the form of letters that contained a touch of the inspired romance the two had once known. Though in action they were opposites, the gentle Jew and the fox-like Gentile, they were perfect academic counterparts- inspiring one another with lofty ideas, and praising each other’s attempts for the sake of mutual growth. The concept of Heidegger being a fox is discussed closely by Arendt in her personal diary Denktagebuch of 1953 where she kept interesting thoughts about people, the situation, and some notes from notable books she liked or disliked (Forrest 6). Arendt even took the step of helping Heidegger to regain his reputation. The world was skeptical of Ger man intellectuals after the war. Hadn’t their ideas made a direct path to the dogma that caused the Holocaust? Arendt argued that this was not so; He did his duty; he not only obeyed orders, he also obeyed the law (Arendt, Eichmann 135). She helped him to regain his standing, and for the most part forgave him, though in private she still expressed sorrow and a bit of skepticism about his moral conduct (Forrest 6). This was another way the world reflected her views. Germans tenuously rebuilt their reputations, but many retained private resentments, and the world at large still remembers them as the society in which Nazism could thrive. The philosophical environment in Germany was favorable for development of ideologies and different concepts that could be used to encourage people for changes and increase their moral spirits. The political ideology was created in the same time as the philosophical one though people did not recognize the applicability of ideas to the political l ife of the country and, as it later turned out, most part of the world. As such, it is questionable whether the ideology itself was negative or its implementation in practice was ineffective and perverted. The political ontology of Martin Heidegger interpreted by Pierre Bourdieu referencing youth Zeitgeist suggests that it was based on the natural approach and its popularity for cultural use. In addition, Heidegger’s â€Å"turn† and his belief in â€Å"inner truth and greatness of the movement- namely the encounter between global technology and the modern man† (Bourdieu 9) can be considered decisive for shaping his views and people’s perception of his ideas referring to the Nazi ideology and him as an integral part of it. The Holocaust’s effect on philosophy was great because any event that takes place in the world and raises a great number of different views that are often opposing each other makes the world of philosophy revive leading to strong criticism or support to the event or people who provoked it. As such, philosophical ideas by Nietzsche that were provoked by the Holocaust can be used for a more thorough analysis of interactions in the society in that period so that people stopped talking about the dissemination of ideas. If people do not agree with the Nazi philosophy and are not ready to support the movement, why should they act in a strongly negative and destructing manner. Some of Nietzsche’s famous quotes about the Holocaust include the following: â€Å"Under conditions of peace the warlike man attacks himself† and â€Å"The surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher esteem those who think alike than those who think differently.† ‘Holocaust Theology’ can be regarded as an individual strain of thought because it explained the desire of people to dominate and their high level of patriotic views while any patriotism when received in high doses can be harmf ul and leading to fascist views. At the same time, Martin Heidegger who was considered one of the prominent philosophers of the time supported the Nazi ideology and Adolf Hitler as the ideological leader of this discriminating movement full of hatred and humiliation towards other people and nations. Heidegger was known for criticizing the academic approach to the exploration of the concept of being. As suggested by Loving, â€Å"A stereotypical criticism of much of traditional academia is that it only studies ‘dead white males’† (97). However, he also supported the Nazi ideology which made him a rather controversial person for the period right after the war and till the current moment because people cannot understand how such an educated and prominent philosopher could fail to understand the destructing nature of fascism. This can be explained through the notes in Hannah Arendt’s diary where she uses an allegory of a fox to analyze the behavior of Heidegge r and his inability to identify the â€Å"difference between a trap and a non-trap† (Forrest 6). As noted by Habermas and McCumber, â€Å"Heidegger’s work has long since detached itself from his person† making him a great philosopher who supports the Nazi though. Arendt was a prominent political theorist though she was often referred to as a philosopher. The relationships between Arendt and Heidegger were unclear for the entire world as they supported each other in all difficulties and troubles. Honan claims that â€Å"Arendt, whose fiery reproach had extended to European Jews whom she said had ‘collaborated’ with the Nazis in their own destruction, did almost everything she could to whitewash the unrepentant Heidegger†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (26). Another characteristic of their relations by Honan suggests that they were two strong persons who could not reach the compromise in a way we all got used to and their struggle continued: The book [Hannah Arendt/Ma rtin Heidegger by Elzbieta Ettinger] shows that Arendt was so arrogant that she thought she alone could decide who should be forgiven and who should not, said Elie Wiesel, the Nobel laureate who has written of his experiences in the Auschwitz death camp. Im not so sure her moral stature will remain intact. The effect of the relationship between Martin Heidegger and Hannah Arendt was evident in their work as she tried in all possible ways to make him look less Nazi-supporting than he was at the same time opposing his views. Heidegger was brilliant in terms of his ideas, concepts, and other philosophical issues he created and introduced in his works though he was negatively perceived due to being a supporter of Hitler. ‘The Banality of Evil’ in contrast with Arendt’s original phrase â€Å"radical evil† can be interpreted as her attempt to reconcile her view of Martin’s evil and make an accounting for it so that she can forgive herself for loving an ev il man. The lasting Impact of the works of Heidegger and Arendt is their books like Heidegger’s Being and Time which questioned the concept of being as it should be applied rather than it have been applied since Plato’s ideas introduced and Arendt’s books Eichmann in Jerusalem: a Report on the Banality of Evil where she tries to justify her affection for a man who commits evil and The Origins of Totalitarianism which can be considered one of the great political theories of all times. To conclude, the abstraction of philosophy renders it impotent- in the case of Heidegger, his refusal to allow his ideas to stand up to real-world examples makes them meaningless. Heidegger was considered weak because he could not decide which of the parties he wants to support. At the same time, he was strongly criticized by all activists of the time for his positive reaction to the Nazi ideology and antisemitism whereas the most active critic was Hannah Arendt who was also his maj or supporter because she tried to clean his reputation. She forgave him everything and reflected her justification for their relationships in her books and notes where she claimed that he was like a fox that could not identify the trap. Both the events of one’s life and the major relationships one has in one’s lifetime have a significant impact on intellectual work. Martin Heidegger’s abstraction of moral concepts sidesteps any real ethical judgments†¦ and Arendt’s public endorsement of him and his ideals weakens her credibility as a voice of the Jewish people. Arendt, Hannah, and Martin Heidegger. Letters, 1925-1975. Uncorrected Proof ed. Orlando: Harcourt, 2004. Print. Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem: a Report on the Banality of Evil. New York, NY: Penguin, 2006. Print. Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. 2nd Enlarged ed. Breinigsville, PA: Benediction Classics, 2009. Print. Avineri, Shlomo. Where Hannah Arendt Went Wrong. Haaret z Daily Newspaper. 2010. Web. Bourdieu, Pierre. The Political Ontology of Martin Heidegger. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1991. Print. Forrest, Rosanna. Hannah and Martin: Study Guide. Web. Habermas, Jurgen, and John McCumber. Work and Weltanschauung: The Heidegger Controversy from a German Perspective. Critical Inquiry 15.2 (1989): 431. Web. Heidegger, Martin. Basic Writings: from Being and Time (1927) to The Task of Thinking (1964). Comp. Krell David. Farrell. London: Harper Rowe, 1993. Print. Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time. Trans. Joan Stambaugh. Comp. Dennis J. Schmidt. Albany: State University of New York, 2010. Print. Honan, William H. Book on Philosophers Life Stirs Scholarly Debate Over Her Legacy. Editorial. New York Times 1995, Sunday ed.: 26. Web. Loving, Gregory David. The Forgotten: Implications of Lyotards Heidegger and The Jews: Issues of Race in Philosophical Discourse. Philosophical Studies in Education 39 (2008): 97-105. Web. Lyotard, Jean-Franà §ois. Heidegger a nd the Jews. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1990. Print. Rosenbaum, Ron. Troubling New Revelations about Arendt and Heidegger. By Ron Rosenbaum. Slate Magazine. 2009. Web. Watson, Peter. The German Genius: Europes Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution, and the Twentieth Century. New York: Harper, 2010. Print.

10 Mental Disorders You Can Get in College

10 Mental Disorders You Can Get in College If you’re not careful college will drive you nuts! Campus is a wild ravenous battlefield where futures are decided, lifelong friendships are fumbled and students make a lot of really stupid decisions. In this post we’re going to skinny-dip in the raw truth. Let’s check out 10 mental disorders you could easily develop before you walk the proverbial plank (graduate). 1) Depression Depression is one of the most common psychological issues in America today. According to the experts, almost every single student you see walking around on your first day as a freshmen is suffering from it to some degree. If you’re not careful it’ll rub off on you before the end of first semester English. The good news is that there are a few options which can easily cure this. Don’t major in anything that starts with P or S. Don’t make college an ego trip. Don’t shower in your bare feet. Don’t sleep around. 2) Social Anxiety Social pressure coming from every angle. Get good grades. Be awesome. Be reckless! Get laid. Get invited to parties. Be a college rock star†¦it’s unsustainable. You can’t be cosmically cool for long. And, for those that have no hope of being in the lime light (at least not yet), social anxiety can be a real bummer. Only compete with yourself. Your college experience is yours, not theirs. Take a breath, relax and sip your beer please. Unless you plan on being a professor, college is temporary. 3) Agoraphobia There’s freaking people everywhere all the time. The dorm’s as packed as the lectures, gyms, chow halls and bathrooms. College is seeping with humans! After a while it can wear on you. The world starts getting too crowded and begins to close in around you. Once you can no longer take a step outside without wearing a hoodie, you’ve got agoraphobia. Workout super early in the morning. Live off campus. Take night classes. Major in geography or astronomy. 4) Porn Addiction Oops, sorry. Our mistake. Everyone knows that college students don’t have time to watch porn. We’re too busy engaging in full stadium-sized orgies in the afternoons. 5) Insomnia Right, so who has the time to sleep? Honestly, could the tech-department nerds please hurry up and allow us to become bionic quasi-mechanical humanoids that no longer need to? College is 50% more expensive. Student needs to get it done in half the time with 100% better GPAs. There’s parties to attend. Games to riot after†¦ Don’t major in computer science. If you’re worried about grades, remember sleep is as important as studying. Ideally 8 hours before tests, but power napping has its merits. Lose the energy drinks. Remember to flex other muscles besides your brain. 6) Hook-up Syndrome Once you get sucked into the hook-up culture where a text conversation is courting and monogamy is unheard of, it’s hard to escape it. It’s super-hard to fall in love in college these days, both for men and women. Don’t sleep around. Don’t make sex a priority. Don’t substitute technology for traditional courtship. Don’t make the mistake of imagining porn is anything like real life. 7) Personality Disorder Because of how much people change throughout college, it’s easy to lose sight of your core self. That thing you were before the world started to mold your personality. That consciousness who peered out through newborn eyes and began taking in information. That’s who you are. Remember that. Avoid defining yourself based on trendy/popular nonsense. Don’t resist personal evolution, roll with it. Remember that everything you do and say is branding you. The key to peace of mind is self-acceptance. 8) Eating Problems Bulimia, overeating and anorexia are increasingly common in college. Guys think they need to look like Hugh Jackman in the latest Wolverine and the girls are trying to look like some Pop Princess. The entertainment industry has taken things a bit too far. Don’t feed into this nonsense. Don’t become reliant on cafeteria food. Don’t settle for cheap carbs that have almost no nutrition. Organic fruits and veggies are as important to your grades as sleep or studying. Don’t kill yourself to please a bunch of superficial idiots. 9) Chronic Substance Abuse No way! There’s no such thing as substance abuse in college! Seriously though, college isn’t the place to become an alcoholic. That’s for later†¦ Take it easy, college is 4-6 years long for most people so there’s no reason to go absolutely insane freshmen or sophomore year. Use your grades as an addiction barometer. If they don’t go down or slip, no foul. If they do, you need to ease off a bit and prioritize. Exercise is just as satisfying from the neurochemical perspective as getting high. Drugs and alcohol are simply too expensive! 10) Wait†¦Math? If math isn’t your thing don’t fight it. Just take advantage of tutors and get as far as you need to go early on so it’s done and over with. So, how about it all you mentally ill college students out there, what are you dealing with and how are you coping. Share your story and let us know how you stay somewhat sane.

What do you understand by the term epistemology How can different Essay

What do you understand by the term epistemology How can different epistemological understandings influence choice of research method - Essay Example Epistemology seeks to explore or evaluate how knowledge is acquired, how much knowledge is understood, and knowledge is constructed within the realms of human mind. Epistemology tries to explain the relationship between depth of human understanding about a particular subject and the reliability of that understanding. It seeks to answer the question how what is known can be measured. Research aims at analyzing objects of nature in order to come up with a helpful conclusion. The researcher is thus at the discretion of using personal beliefs, understanding, and justification to influence the outcome of the research findings. A report by University of Oulu claims that the researcher is in a position to â€Å"influence directly only the epistemological basis of the research, not the evaluator’s bias, but of course clear criteria stated by the researcher makes it more valid for the reader to evaluate the trustworthiness of the research† (University of Oulu, 2003, p. 1). Seale echoes the same sentiments â€Å"it is true that certain epistemological and theoretical positions have influenced the character of both quantitative and qualitative research† (Seale, 2004 p. 506). Truthfulness of research is very important especially in the field of public health. For instance, I intend to use Quantitative analysis for my dissertation that aims at investigating public’s awareness of thalassemia syndromes in Jordans Capital – Amman. The study will collect information in form of questionnaires. Certainly, the questionnaires will be a reflection of my epistemological foundation. The questions will be formulated based on understanding of the topic. Although a lot of work on literature review will be done, interpretation of the literature work will depend on two main factors. First, it will depend on the line of thought of authors of the literature that I will review. Secondly, it will depend on my own interpretation of the literature work, which in turn will depend on personal

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate governance - Essay Example bility and performance of the product and services are sustained and improved so that firms are not only able to retain existing customers but also attract new consumers. Thus risk management through effective governance, innovation, knowledge management and value addition become critical elements for protecting and sustaining the value of the products for consumers. All people directly or indirectly associated with the company are called stakeholders. Thus, customers, employees, shareholders, creditors, debtors, suppliers, regulators action groups etc. all become stakeholders in the company as they are, one way or another, affected by the business’ activities (Solomon, 2007. The identification of various stakeholders is important they are linkages that significantly impact the performance of the firm and promote development of society in general. In the contemporary environment of competitive business, the firms are not only motivated by financial benefits but play wider roles in the development of the society as a whole. Various stakeholders ensure that the business is having positive impact on the wider imperatives of social causes like environment, better HR practices, effective CSR practices etc. The analysis of stakeholders also helps the firm to proactively support the community welfare and at the same time, meet the changing preferences of the customers, thereby significantly impacting it productive outcome and improving its image and credibility amongst the stakeholders. The corporate governance gatekeepers are people who are in position to influence the decisions and activities of the management for improved and ethically delivered objectives and goals of the company. The main gatekeepers of the firm are: independent and competent board; independent and competent auditors; objective and competent legal council; and competent financial advisors. The responsibilities of different gatekeepers is to ensure that board is given the right advice regarding

French Revolution Essay Example for Free

French Revolution Essay The French Revolution was a very important series of events for all of French history, making a big impact on all the lives of past and present French citizens. There was no one factor was directly responsible for the French Revolution. Years of feudal cruelty and taxing, public revenues and public debt mismanagement contributed to a French society that was on the edge of revolt. The French Revolution, the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799, reached its first climax there in 1789. After taking notice of the falling economy in the late 1700s, King Louis XVI, very self-centered, thought his authority to rule came from god himself. He brought in a number of financial advisors to review the weakened French treasury. Each advisor reached the same conclusion, that France needed a large change in the way it taxed the public, and each advisor was, in turn, kicked out. Eventually the king realized that this taxation issue really did need to be solved so he appointed a new controller general of finance. The new general of finance suggested instead of taxing the poor, tax the ones that would be able to pay, the nobility, the ones that were exempt from paying taxes before. The nobility refused. Financial ruin thus seemed imminent. The French Revolution was a very important series of events for all of French history, making a big impact on all the lives of past and present French citizens. There was no one factor was directly responsible for the French Revolution. Years of feudal cruelty and taxing, public revenues and public debt mismanagement contributed to a French society that was on the edge of revolt. The French Revolution, the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799, reached its first climax there in 1789. After taking notice of the falling economy in the late 1700s, King Louis XVI, very self-centered, thought his authority to rule came from god himself. He brought in a number of financial advisors to review the weakened French treasury. Each advisor reached the same conclusion, that France needed a large change in the way it taxed the public, and each advisor was, in turn, kicked out. Eventually the king realized that this taxation issue really did need to be solved so he appointed a new controller general of finance. The new general of finance suggested instead of taxing the poor, tax the ones that would be able to pay, the nobility, the ones that were exempt from paying taxes before. The nobility refused. Financial ruin thus seemed imminent. The French Revolution was a very important series of events for all of French history, making a big impact on all the lives of past and present French citizens. There was no one factor was directly responsible for the French Revolution. Years of feudal cruelty and taxing, public revenues and public debt mismanagement contributed to a French society that was on the edge of revolt. The French Revolution, the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799, reached its first climax there in 1789. After taking notice of the falling economy in the late 1700s, King Louis XVI, very self-centered, thought his authority to rule came from god himself. He brought in a number of financial advisors to review the weakened French treasury. Each advisor reached the same conclusion, that France needed a large change in the way it taxed the public, and each advisor was, in turn, kicked out. Eventually the king realized that this taxation issue really did need to be solved so he appointed a new controller general of finance. The new general of finance suggested instead of taxing the poor, tax the ones that would be able to pay, the nobility, the ones that were exempt from paying taxes before. The nobility refused. Financial ruin thus seemed imminent. The French Revolution was a very important series of events for all of French history, making a big impact on all the lives of past and present French citizens. There was no one factor was directly responsible for the French Revolution. Years of feudal cruelty and taxing, public revenues and public debt mismanagement contributed to a French society that was on the edge of revolt. The French Revolution, the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799, reached its first climax there in 1789. After taking notice of the falling economy in the late 1700s, King Louis XVI, very self-centered, thought his authority to rule came from god himself. He brought in a number of financial advisors to review the weakened French treasury. Each advisor reached the same conclusion, that France needed a large change in the way it taxed the public, and each advisor was, in turn, kicked out. Eventually the king realized that this taxation issue really did need to be solved so he appointed a new controller general of finance. The new general of finance suggested instead of taxing the poor, tax the ones that would be able to pay, the nobility, the ones that were exempt from paying taxes before. The nobility refused. Financial ruin thus  seemed imminent. The French Revolution was a very important series of events for all of French history, making a big impact on all the lives of past and present French citizens. There was no one factor was directly responsible for the French Revolution. Years of feudal cruelty and taxing, public revenues and public debt mismanagement contributed to a French society that was on the edge of revolt. The French Revolution, the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799, reached its first climax there in 1789. After taking notice of the falling economy in the late 1700s, King Louis XVI, very self-centered, thought his authority to rule came from god himself. He brought in a number of financial advisors to review the weakened French treasury. Each advisor reached the same conclusion, that France needed a large change in the way it taxed the public, and each advisor was, in turn, kicked out. Eventually the king realized that this taxation issue really did need to be solved so he appointed a new controller general of finance. The new general of finance suggested instead of taxing the poor, tax the ones that would be able to pay, the nobility, the ones that were exempt from paying taxes before. The nobility refused. Financial ruin thus seemed imminent.

I Believe: A Code Of Ethics Essay -- essays research papers

I Believe: A Code of Ethics by PHIL 301 Fall Semester, 1996 I believe in the power of Mind... I believe pitchers should bat... I believe Oswald was a patsy... I believe everything is a conspiracy... I believe that people are responsible for their own actions... I believe that The Who is the greatest rock band of all time... I believe in tolerance... I believe in capitalism... I believe we are who we want to be... I believe in choice... I believe in love... I believe that Bert and Ernie are televisions first gay couple... I believe that the 1979 Orioles were robbed... I believe that people who say they like Indian food are just trying to be cool... I believe that people get the kind of government they deserve... I believe in the power of having no god... I believe I can fly... I believe that Barney is the purple Messiah... I believe that the bible was a novel, written for profit... I believe in the mother ship... I believe the Mona Lisa was framed... I believe in Pez... I believe Darwin... I believe in beauty... I believe we have the worst justice system in the world with the exception of every other system... I believe in Wally and the Beaver... I believe I didn't learn anything in kindergarten... I believe we are all in this together... I believe that breakfast is the most important meal of the day... I believe the ozone layer is just fine... I believe in dedication... I believe my daughter is a prodigy... I believe that Kathy Lee is the Anti-Christ... I believe my dad can still beat me at arm wrestling... I believe I wouldn't want to beat him... I believe you shouldn't believe everything you breath... I believe in the power of love to warp mens minds and make men great... I believe in Santa Claus, the Tooth Fairy and the seventh inning stretch... I believe in me... I believe I'm done now...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Developing a code of ethics is the most important thing a person can do. Such a code is necessary for humans because of our capacity to reason. Our ability to apply rational thought to the conduct of our lives is what makes mankind more than just an animal with an interesting thumb. These rational thoughts could very easily lead us to terrible acts, for what is in our best interest is often harmful to others. However there is another ability, peculiar to humans alone, that keeps most of us on the right path. Our ability to know what ... ...assless. And it is not susceptible to the fickle human idea of physical beauty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But how to know if a law is just? If it serves to protect, promote and respect the human Mind. If a law or an act works against the cause of Mind than it is unjust. Such laws must not be obeyed and indeed must be worked against. But how is one to know the extent of such civil disobedience? In my case, the answer is found in rule number one. So long as I do not put my family at risk of losing a husband and father, justice must be served. It is through this kind of meshing of the four rules that ethical quandaries can be answered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Noticeably, the rules of the code, while existing to serve the cause of good and avoid evil, do not make it clear how to know which is which. There is no specific rule that gives a clear definition of what is good and what is evil. This is because the rules, when properly applied to an ethical problem, will lead to the action that is good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So then what is good? What is evil? Good is somewhat easier to define in that it is directly related to the last three rules of the code. An act which s

Poem Analysis “Out, Out”

Poem Analysis: â€Å"Out, Out-† In the poem, â€Å"Out, Out-â€Å", author Robert Frost starts off his poem by giving an inanimate object, the buzzsaw, a sense of life. Using the literary device, Personification, the buzz saw is being written with characteristics a curious and rather playful child. The buzzsaw acts like once hears the young man’s mother call for supper time, that it wants to eat, so eats the young man’s hand. The buzzsaw takes (Cuts Off) the hand in a rather subtle demeanor, but in truth, it would be a very graphic to behold.Throughout the poem, everything is written in a peaceful and quite tone, even during the violent and gruesome ones to. To add to the fact of the buzzsaw is being personified in the story, the buzzsaw seems to only attack when the mother calls all for supper. The buzzsaw acts like it knows what the meaning of supper time is. Another literary device used in this poem is the process of along with the use of otomotapia(s).Using repetition first to deliver emphasis to the reader of the sounds that buzzsaw would be making, and then the actual sound being written/sounded out in an otomotapia base. The otomotapia in the story would be the grinding sounds made the buzzsaw ripping the through the poor young man’s arm. This quote from the story pretty much sums all that I describe above; â€Å"The saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and it continues about three more times over and over.The use of the sound effects gives the once playful buzzsaw a more animalistic approach, making it seem like it is hungry after hearing the key word â€Å"supper†. To conclude, the literary devices used in Robert Frost’s poem are mostly to emphasis and give life to once lifeless piece of machinery. The story, rather bloody and saddening, is a well written example of poetry and depth behind each and every letter/word. The analysis is still to be assessed, but this all gives basic underst anding as to what meant behind his more obvious literary devices.

The E-Myth Revised (Summary)

â€Å"THE E-MYTH REVISITED† ENTRE 300. WB1 Naim Al’Ali 3/11/13 The E-Myth revisited gave some wonderful insight as to the root cause of why most small businesses go under and don't work. I learned a great deal by reading it and it has given me foresight as to what I need to improve in my skill set to become the best entrepreneur I can be without sabotaging anything of value to my business.The book focuses primarily on the entrepreneurial myth which is involved in a fatal assumption that the success of a business rides purely on the entrepreneur’s desire to own a business, the amount of capital he/she puts in, and Knowing the amount of targeted profit. The book teaches that this assumption could spell disaster rather than success. It also teaches us that the future of small businesses revolve around three concepts which are knowing the e-myth, understanding the turnkey revolution, and understanding the business development process.One of the most important concept s I learned from this book was the actual e-myth itself. Prior to reading the book, I too had this very same notion that was directly comparable to what is explained in the myth. This forced me to think differently about what actually makes a business successful because if not for this book I would have this in the dark feeling. The book talks about how entrepreneurs should get in the habit of thinking more about the business itself, the people involved in it, and the phases it normally undergoes. Having knowledge of these things can have a beneficial impact of your business.A second key concept that I learned from the book was that of the three main characters which are the technician, the manager, and the entrepreneur. The technician is an expert in whatever craft they are in and doesn't mind doing the work but neglects other responsibilities of going into business even though they are eager to do so. The manager is detail oriented and wants a well organized environment that is ve ry predictable. The entrepreneur is the dreamer, who sets out to do something new and who often lives in the future and get frustrated by how â€Å"slow the world is moving.The book teaches us that these are not separate people but rather distinct elements of our personalities. It also says that the reason why most small businesses don’t work is because they are run by a technician or someone who knows the technical workings of the business but neglects the other two equally important personalities. So the bottom line is that even though we are biased towards one of these personalities, we all have them and to be successful, you need to be able to utilize all three of these roles. All of these roles are necessary in the founder of a business.Without the entrepreneur, you might as well keep working for someone as a technician. Without the technician, the entrepreneur must rely on other people to get things done and without the abilities of a manager; the other two characters would find themselves in a disorganized and non functional environment. A third important concept that I learned from this books is the idea to â€Å"work on your business rather than in it. † This was a big one for me and it really stuck out because it opened my eyes to how many business owners are really just doing a job for their business rather than running it.For example, if you start a business where you can't leave when u want because work will be unfinished, then you are not actually working on your business as an owner but rather as an employee. This could put a strain on other things that may have been planned for your business. It also hinders other abilities since so much time has to be put in for you to get paid. I couldn't agree more with this statement because it seems like for a lot of business owners think they are in business for themselves but if they don't work, they don't eat and that is not being a business owner.This also ties into class discussions whe n it pertains to one of the biggest problems with part time entrepreneurs is the risk of burnout because of all the extra activity you have to put into you business to keep it running. In essence, what the book is saying is that they don't own a business, they own a job and you can’t close it when you want because you won't get paid, you can’t leave when you want because work won't get done, and you can’t sell it when you want because no one wants to buy a job. A fourth and final concept I took from this book was the importance of the business development process.This process is the response of the ever changing dynamics of the business world and will equip an entrepreneur with the necessary tools they need to adapt to the continuous changes happening around them. The book described three elemental stages which are innovation, quantification, and orchestration. This is also a powerful concept that I particularly agree with. The book explains that innovation is t he creativity applied to products or services to make them better and that continuous innovation is needed to improve your business.Quantification is figuring out what works for your business and being able to measure whether it is worth taking the risk. Orchestration is the standardization of what works and becomes the essential part of your business that everyone learns and knows so that it can produce consistent quality for your customers. This is really important information to have because its uniform and it’s a streamline way of tackling issues head on. This also ties into what we have learned in class about having a solid plan of attack. As it says in the book, â€Å"any plan is better than no plan at all†, and this couldn't be anything more than truth.Although I would much rather suggest having a well thought out plan that could be of some benefit rather than a half-way done plan that could demolish your business. With all of these concepts I have learned in th e book, I had to sit back and ask myself what I will do with this information. One thing I would definitely take heed to is the notion of being able to work on my business instead of in it because I don't want to be stuck in a job for the rest of my life in order to put food on the table. So I would much rather design a system that can continue to pay me even if I’ve taken some time off.Another thing I could use these concepts for is when formulating my business plan/plans for this class and in the future so that I have strategy to uphold rather than letting the chips fall where they may. A third thing I could uses these concepts to move forward with is with getting out of the mythical mind frame that has cost countless business owners their livelihoods and to start thinking differently on where success in a business actually stems from rather than generalizing the solution to just the entrepreneurial aspect. This will alter my attitude towards conducting business and ultimat ely prove to be better for me in the long run.Finally, I would use this information to better understand what type of business person I need to be in order to deal with the ever changing business world. This could help me adapt to situations that I wouldn’t normally know how to handle having not been exposed to the reality of it. All in all, there wasn't too much I disagreed with when it came to the material in this book, so I can safely say it will be a driving force in my business prowess and my future. WORK CITED Gerber, Michael E. The E-myth revisited: why most small businesses don't work and what to do about it. New York: CollinsBusiness, 1995. Print.

Independent and Dependent Variables Which Is Which

Independent and Dependent Variables Which Is Which SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Independent and dependent variables areimportant for both math and science. If you don't understand what these two variables are and how they differ, you'll struggle to analyze an experiment or plot equations. Fortunately, we make learning these concepts easy! In this guide, webreak down what independent and dependent variables are, give examples of the variables in actual experiments, explain how to properly graph them, provide a quiz to test your skills, and discuss the one other important variable you need to know. What Is an Independent Variable? What Is a Dependent Variable? A variable is something you’re trying to measure. It can be practically anything, such as objects, amounts of time, feelings, events, or ideas. If you’re studying how people feel about different television shows, the variables in that experiment are television shows and feelings. If you’re studying how different types of fertilizer affect how tall plants grow, the variables are type of fertilizer and plant height. There are two key variables in every experiment: the independent variable and the dependent variable. Independent variable:What the scientist changes or what changes on its own. Dependent variable:What is being studied/measured. The independent variable (sometimes known as the manipulated variable) is the variable whose change isn’t affected by any other variable in the experiment. Either the scientist has to change the independent variable herself or it changes on its own; nothing else in the experiment affects or changes it. Two examples of common independent variables are age and time. There’s nothing you or anything else can do to speed up or slow down time or increase or decrease age. They’re independent of everything else. The dependent variable (sometimes known as the responding variable) is what is being studied and measured in the experiment. It’s what changes as a result of the changes to the independent variable. An example of a dependent variable is how tall you are at different ages. The dependent variable (height) depends on the independent variable (age). An easy way to think of independent and dependent variables is, when you’re conducting an experiment, the independent variable is what you change, and the dependent variable is what changes because of that. You can also think of the independent variable as the cause and the dependent variable as the effect. It can be a lot easier to understand the differences between these two variables with examples, so let’s look at some sample experiments below. Examples of Independent and Dependent Variables in Experiments Below are overviews of three experiments, each with their independent and dependent variables identified. Experiment 1: You want to figure out which brand of microwave popcorn pops the most kernels so you can get the most value for your money. You test different brands of popcorn to see which bag pops the most popcorn kernels. Independent Variable: Brand of popcorn bag (It’s the independent variable because you are actually deciding the popcorn bag brands) Dependent Variable: Number of kernels popped (This is the dependent variable because it's what you measure for each popcorn brand) Experiment 2: You want to see which type of fertilizer helps plants grow fastest, so you add a different brand of fertilizer to each plant and see how tall they grow. Independent Variable: Type of fertilizer given to the plant Dependent Variable: Plant height Experiment 3: You’re interested in how rising sea temperatures impact algae life, so you design an experiment that measures the number of algae in a sample of water taken from a specific ocean site under varying temperatures. Independent Variable: Ocean temperature Dependent Variable: The number of algae in the sample For each of the independent variables above, it’s clear that they can’t be changed by other variables in the experiment. You have to be the one to change the popcorn and fertilizer brands in Experiments 1 and 2, and the ocean temperature in Experiment 3 cannot be significantly changed by other factors. Changes to each of these independent variables cause the dependent variables to change in the experiments. Where Do You Put Independent and Dependent Variables on Graphs? Independent and dependent variables always go on the same places in a graph. This makes it easy for you to quickly see which variable is independent and which is dependent when looking at a graph or chart. The independent variable always goes on the x-axis, or the horizontal axis. The dependent variable goes on the y-axis, or vertical axis. Here’s an example: As you can see, this is a graph showing how the number of hours a student studies affects the score she got on an exam. From the graph, it looks like studying up to six hours helped her raise her score, but as she studied more than that her score dropped slightly. The amount of time studied is the independent variable, because it’s what she changed, so it’s on the x-axis.The score she got on the exam is the dependent variable, because it’s what changed as a result of the independent variable, and it’s on the y-axis. It’s common to put the units in parentheses next to the axis titles, which this graph does. There are different ways to title a graph, but a common way is â€Å"[Independent Variable] vs. [Dependent Variable]† like this graph. Using a standard title like that also makes it easy for others to see what your independent and dependent variables are. Are There Other Important Variables to Know? Independent and dependent variables are the two most important variables to know and understand when conducting or studying an experiment, but there is one other type of variable that you should be aware of: constant variables. Constant variables (also known as â€Å"constants†) are simple to understand: they’re what stay the same during the experiment. Most experiments usually only have one independent variable and one dependent variable, but they will all have multiple constant variables. For example, in Experiment 2 above, some of the constant variables would be the type of plant being grown, the amount of fertilizer each plant is given, the amount of water each plant is given, when each plant is given fertilizer and water, the amount of sunlight the plants receive, the size of the container each plant is grown in, and more. The scientist is changing the type of fertilizer each plant gets which in turn changes how much each plant grows, but every other part of the experiment stays the same. In experiments, you have to test one independent variable at a time in order to accurately understand how it impacts the dependent variable. Constant variables are important because they ensure that the dependent variable is changing because, and only because, of the independent variable so you can accurately measure the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. If you didn’t have any constant variables, you wouldn’t be able to tell if the independent variable was what was really affecting the dependent variable. For example, in the example above, if there were no constants and you used different amounts of water, different types of plants, different amounts of fertilizer and put the plants in windows that got different amounts of sun, you wouldn’t be able to say how fertilizer type affected plant growth because there would be so many other factors potentially affecting how the plants grew. 3 Experiments to Help You Understand Independent and Dependent Variables If you're still having a hard time understanding the relationship between independent and dependent variable, it might help to see them in action. Here are three experiments you can try at home. Experiment 1: Plant Growth Rates One simple way to explore independent and dependent variables is to construct a biology experiment with seeds. Try growing some sunflowers and see how different factors affect their growth. For example, say you have ten sunflower seedlings, and you decide to give each a different amount of water each day to see if that affects their growth.The independent variable here would be the amount of water you give the plants, and the dependent variable is how tall the sunflowers grow. Experiment 2: Chemical Reactions Explore a wide range of chemical reactions with this chemistry kit. It includes 100+ ideas for experiments- pick one that interests you andanalyze what the different variables are in the experiment! Experiment 3: Simple Machines Build and test a range of simple and complex machines with this K'nex kit. How does increasing a vehicle's mass affect its velocity? Can you lift more with a fixed or movable pulley? Remember, the independent variable is what you control/change, and the dependent variable is what changes because of that. Quiz: Test Your Variable Knowledge Can you identify the independent and dependent variables for each of the four scenarios below? The answers are at the bottom of the guide for you to check your work. Scenario 1:You buy your dog multiple brands of food to see which one is her favorite. Scenario 2:Your friends invite you to a party, and you decide to attend, but you're worried that staying out too long will affecthow well you do on your geometry test tomorrow morning. Scenario 3:Your dentist appointment will take 30 minutes from start to finish, but that doesn't include waiting in the lounge before you're called in. The total amount of time you spend in the dentist's office is the amount of time you wait before your appointment, plus the 30 minutes of the actual appointment Scenario 4:You regularly babysit your little cousin who always throws a tantrum when he's asked to eat his vegetables. Over the course of the week, you ask him to eat vegetables four times. Summary: Independent vs Dependent Variable Knowing the independent variable definition and dependent variable definition is key to understanding how experiments work. The independent variable is what you change, and the dependent variable is what changes as a result of that. You can also think of the independent variable as the cause and the dependent variable as the effect. When graphing these variables, the independent variable should go on the x-axis (the horizontal axis), and the dependent variable goes on the y-axis (vertical axis). Constant variables are also important to understand. They are what stay the same throughout the experiment so you can accurately measure the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable. What's Next? Independent and dependent variables are commonly taught in high school science classes. Read our guide to learn which science classes high school students should be taking. Scoring well on standardized tests is an important part of having a strong college application. Check out our guides on the best study tips for the SAT and ACT. Interested in science? Science Olympiad is a great extracurricular to include on your college applications, and it can help you win big scholarships. Check out our complete guide to winning Science Olympiad competitions. Quiz Answers 1: Independent: dog food brands Dependent: how much you dog eats 2: Independent:how long you spend at the party Dependent:your exam score 3: Independent:Amount of time you spend waiting Dependent:Total time you're at the dentist (the 30 minutes of appointment time is the constant) 4: Independent:Number of times your cousin is asked to eat vegetables Dependent:number of tantrums Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: These recommendations are based solely on our knowledge and experience. If you purchase an item through one of our links, PrepScholar may receive a commission.

Basic Facts Everyone Should Know About Clouds

Basic Facts Everyone Should Know About Clouds Clouds may look like big, fluffy marshmallows in the sky, but in reality, they are visible collections of tiny water droplets (or ice crystals, if its cold enough) that live high in the atmosphere above the Earths surface. Here, we discuss the science of clouds: how they form, move, and change color.   Formation Clouds form when a parcel of air rises from the surface up into the atmosphere. As the parcel ascends, it passes through lower and lower pressure levels (pressure decreases with height). Recall that air tends to move from higher to lower pressure areas, so as the parcel travels into lower pressure areas, the air inside of it pushes outward, causing it to expand. This expansion uses heat energy, and therefore cools the air parcel. The farther upward it travels, the more it cools. When its temperature cools to that of its dew point temperature, the water vapor inside of the parcel condenses into droplets of liquid water. These droplets then collect on the surfaces of dust, pollen, smoke, dirt, and sea salt particles called nuclei. (These nuclei are hygroscopic, meaning they attract water molecules.) It is at this point- when water vapor condenses and settles onto condensation nuclei- that clouds form and become visible. Shape Have you ever watched a cloud long enough to see it expanding outward, or looked away for a moment only to find that when you look back its shape has changed? If so, youll be glad to know it isnt your imagination. The shapes of clouds are ever-changing thanks to the processes of condensation and evaporation. After a cloud forms, condensation doesnt stop. This is why we sometimes notice clouds expanding into the neighboring sky. But as currents of warm, moist air continue to rise and feed condensation, drier air from the surrounding environment eventually infiltrates the buoyant column of air in a process called entrainment. When this drier air is introduced into the cloud body, it evaporates the clouds droplets and causes parts of the cloud to dissipate. Movement Clouds start out high up in the atmosphere because thats where theyre created, but they remain suspended thanks to the tiny particles they contain. A clouds water droplets or ice crystals are very small, less than a micron (thats less than one-millionth of a meter). Because of this, they respond very slowly to gravity. To help visualize this concept, consider a rock and a feather. Gravity affects each, however the rock falls quickly whereas the feather gradually drifts to the ground because of its lighter weight. Now compare a feather and an individual cloud droplet particle; the particle will take even longer than the feather to fall, and because of the particles tiny size, the slightest movement of air will keep it aloft. Because this applies to each cloud droplet, it applies to the entire cloud itself. Clouds travel with the upper-level winds. They move at the same speed and in the same direction as the prevailing wind at the clouds level (low, middle, or high). High-level clouds are among the fastest moving because they form near the top of the troposphere and are pushed by the jet stream. Color A clouds color is determined by the light it receives from the Sun. (Recall that the Sun emits white light; that white light is made up of all the colors in the visible spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet; and that each color in the visible spectrum represents an electromagnetic wave of a different length.) The process works like this: As the Suns lightwaves pass through the atmosphere and clouds, they meet the individual water droplets that make up a cloud. Because the water droplets have a similar size as the wavelength of sunlight, the droplets scatter the Suns light in a type of scattering known as Mie scattering in which all wavelengths of light are scattered. Because all wavelengths are scattered, and together all colors in the spectrum make up white light, we see white clouds. In the case of thicker clouds, such as stratus, sunlight passes through but is blocked. This gives the cloud a grayish appearance.

Ways that Can be Used by Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ways that Can be Used by Organization - Essay Example To understand this theme of freedom of thought, it is important to understand what freedom of thought entails. It entails the freedom that an individual has to consider a fact, thought or viewpoint irrespective of the viewpoints of other people in the society. It is important in the democratic constitutions today which protect this freedom. However, it is difficult to suppress this freedom of thought since it is impossible to know what an individual is thinking about unless they choose to disclose it. Despite this, freedom of thought is limited via censorship, burning of books and propaganda discouraging it all together. If individuals hold their freedom of thought, then it becomes easy for them to express themselves whenever they find others taking advantage of them in any way. In Mahfouz, Head, Marquez, there is this story on the answer is no. there is this teacher who had been abused as a small girl by the mathematics tutor that her father had designated for her. This tutor was over twenty-five years older than her and he promised to come back and marry her when she became of age. True to his words, he had kept his promise. He came back and proposed to her but she rejected. She was now more knowledgeable than she was years ago when the teacher abused her. She wondered whether the man was after her money now than she was successful and independent. The mere feeling of a man almost her father’s age abusing an innocent little girl disgusted her. She could not marry her despite her mother’s advises that fell on a deaf ear. More suitors came forward for her hand but she kept on rejecting them. This is one story that shows the aspect of independence of thought. Now that she had come of age, the teacher could now make her own decisions. She could not allow her weaknesses define her. She fought hard to ensure that she capitalized on her strengths and worked on her weaknesses to ensure that she became an independent young lady.  

LITERATURE REVIEW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

LITERATURE REVIEW - Essay Example † In the same context, the paper therefore seeks to establish the different ethical issues that may affect the running of a multinational company. This is important because the success of human resource management of any company is highly dependent on ethical issues put in place by the entire management board. According to Trevino and Nelson (2012, p.215), ethical issues regardless of the cultural situation are defined by primary and secondary stakeholders. The paper will therefore bring into view the different ethical issues as indicated by the Abraham’s Stakeholder model and try to figure out the strength of these ethical issues as would determine the success of human resource management and progressive development in a company operating multi-nationally. Stakeholders That Determine Company Ethics Business partners Partnership in a business can be a much polarised issue when unethical business actions are put in place by one organization. According to Pige (2002, p.4), a business will run effectively if the business partners perceive it as being beneficial to them. In this case, they are bound to support each other in their various capacities and the various business entities. For instance, if Western Airlines is a company that benefits the economy of a non-western nation like China, the business partners in China will support its operations there. However, if there is suspicion of market dominance by the Chinese partners, there is bound to be creation of unethical business acts to scare away the market from the Western Airlines. This creates a very complicated system in the management of the foreign company as unethical acts may require a lot of public relations to regain the diminishing glory (Phillips, 2011, p. 81). In this case, the issue of â€Å"who or what counts† come in and there is a high level misunderstanding. However, if these two companies have a sound business partnership, there will be a high level ethical business partners hip and ability to create good public relations to each other (Kardys, 2012, p. 2). Customers These are the modest reasons for the existence of any company. From a background perspective, Regelbrugge (1998, p.3) indicates that any business must do all it takes to create a high level market for its products. This is in line with expansion of the customers and rendering their needs to their satisfaction. Any unethical act that hurts the customers goes a long way in alienating a company from a market. Multinational companies in the same way face a very tricky situation in trying to maintain the same in the wake of the unethical issue. A recent article by Soni (2009, p.4) maintained the same idea by insisting that if company staffs mishandle a customer, it may go a long way in becoming unethical in the entire customer society. The business will therefore lose a high level customer base to its competitors who are always at standby to initiate these into their company products. Employees Ethics inside an organization has not been a recent issue. As indicated earlier, the motivation to work effectively is levelled towards the beneficial factors that can be realised at the end of the whole process. Employees always have competing goals. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, there is always a need to be happy and the need for satisfaction comes in. The management levels in all organizations however are never the same. Some are horizontal while