Performance enhancing drugs in sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Execution upgrading drugs in sports - Essay Example The utilization of anabolic steroids and other execution improving medications has become a very basic event in sports today at all levels, from secondary school to proficient. These substances have the impact of empowering competitors to accomplish to some degree superhuman degrees of solidarity and perseverance. The weight on today’s competitors to perform and contend at significant levels is extraordinary, and execution improving medications are an exceptionally enticing approach to handily push one’s characteristic execution capacities to in any case unimaginable levels. Sadly, they accurate a huge cost for the athlete’s physical prosperity, just as on the honesty of the game where it is being used. The wellbeing repercussions of execution improving substances are faltering. They can possibly unleash destruction on a considerable lot of the frameworks in the human body; and have been known to prompt extreme and irreversible physical harm to the body, and even demise. The medications establish generous hazard to any competitor who decides to use them. The friend pressure and different worry to act in today’s sports condition all things considered lead numerous to face that challenge. Surely, the momentary likely rewards, frequently including distinction and fortune, can be very enticing. All things considered, those competitors in numerous elite athletics who truly perform at the highest point of their game are sure to in the long run order unbelievable aggregates of cash. The effect of execution upgrading drugs on the respectability of the game is additionally a significant issue, as the individuals who play clean and push their characteristic execution levels quite far still are regularly incapable to contend with those using these substances.

Marilyn Monroe Free Essays

To the extent promoting goes, It was close to consummate In Its disaster to address the readers’ subliminal faculties of trust, rationale, and feeling. This method was created by Aristotle and known as Rhetoric and Is dug Into three methods for influence: Logos, Ethos, and Pathos. Logos Is the intrigue to a person’s rationale and reason. We will compose a custom article test on Marilyn Monroe or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Ethos is the intrigue to a person’s trust through validity and trust. Feeling is the intrigue to the person’s feelings. This technique is utilized in publicizing to convince the purchaser to purchase their item over another. This vintage 1986 Maxwell tape promotion successfully utilized each of the three purposes of Aristotle Appeals with the SE of a measurement to fulfill the reader’s rationale (Logos), Marilyn Monomer’s notorious status to engage the reader’s feeling of believability (Ethos), and Marilyn Monomer’s magnificence, sex claim, and magnetism to induce an enthusiastic reaction speaking to the viewer’s emotions (Pathos). Let’s start with the ad’s accomplishment in speaking to one’s rationale, or the Logos classification. The advertisement utilizes a measurement expressing that their tapes â€Å"†¦ Are fabricated up to 60% above industry principles. This measurement affirms the product’s quality and gives some stable science to the buyer. It’s a measurement, a number. Individuals by and large trust numbers. The measurement guarantees you that their item is made well beyond the business standard and suggests that every o ther brand are make at exposed necessities and no more. The customer can feel trust in the Maxwell brand in light of the fact that it’s experimentally approved. It’s intelligent and viably claims to the reader’s feeling of reason. Besides, the market group used Marilyn Monomer’s fame and notoriety to carry believability to their case and offer to the reader’s Ethos. Marilyn Monroe was still very well known as of now and her notoriety was strong and dependable. 2012 imprints 50 years after her demise and she keeps on being a significant figure in the realm of film Is as yet recognized and regarded. This year she Is the official symbol of the 2012 Cannes Film Festival and respected on the occasion banner. The banner for the occasion has an image of Marilyn alluringly extinguishing a solitary light on a white cake. The banner, Like the image In the Maxwell promotion, catches her polish and excellence. It Is conspicuous and immortal. The shopper Is guaranteed fashioned her unwavering quality, and her status and fame claim to the perusers feeling of validity. Third Is the promotions most grounded pull, and It Is Its intrigue to the viewer’s feelings, Pathos. Marilyn Monroe Is cherished and loved by such a large number of individuals and the promoters realized they could depend on this. Some portion of what individuals adored such a great amount about straightforward photo. However, many loved her story as well. Marilyn Monroe had a contacting and persuasive story. Marilyn Monroe was conceived Norma Jeanne Morton in the foundation ward at the Los Angles County Hospital. Her youth was molded by shakiness and she was passed from relative to relative, and even habitually lived in halfway houses. In 1945 a photographic artist paid heed to her and snapped her photo. Months after the fact she was displaying for the fronts of many fruitful magazines and her life was changed for eternity. She had an uncanny capacity to catch the hearts and consideration of America and has stayed cherished even a very long time after her destruction. Her photos, similar to the one in the promotion, despite everything prompt an enthusiastic reaction. Also, ultimately, let’s not overlook her sex request. Sex bid was utilized in this include and is a partially open strategy utilized in selling items at that point and now. This promotion focused on her fame, yet in addition played on her sex advance as well. Utilizing words like â€Å"delicious dessert† and â€Å"the absolute best piece of each man’s fantasy’. I wonder if the advertiser’s methodology could have been improved by concentrating more on her film’s victories and her prosperity as an on-screen character. The item Maxwell was selling was essentially for films and huge numbers of the shoppers would have been ladies. Could a portion of the more traditionalist purchasers been killed by this methodology? The advertisement was as yet splendid and viably utilized all parts of influence.. Step by step instructions to refer to Marilyn Monroe, Papers Marilyn Monroe Free Essays Marilyn Monroe was conceived on the first of June, 1926 as Norma Jeane Mortenson in the Los Angeles General Hospital. Her mother’s name was Gladys and father was obscure. Her mother’s mental unsteadiness made her be put in the cultivate home of Albert and Ida Bolender. We will compose a custom article test on Marilyn Monroe or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now She spent an upset adolescence in halfway houses and at sixteen years old she went into a wrecked marriage with James E. Dougherty who was a barrier laborer. In the year 1944 Dougherty was sent abroad for marine tasks and during that time Norma Jeane worked in a manufacturing plant. The Army authorities shot ladies working in that industrial facility so as to show their war exertion. David Conover, the picture taker, took her photos and they end up being massively well known and continuously 1945 she developed as a symbol of allure and her photos showed up on the spread pages of national magazines (MONROE, MARILYN). The photos of Norma Jeane pulled in the consideration of a few displaying offices and therefore she joined with a demonstrating organization. In 1946 she and her better half isolated judicially. Before long she turned into a well known model and acquired the sobriquet of sex goddess. Around the same time she was joined with the twentieth Century Fox studio. She assumed little jobs in two motion pictures and later the studio finished their agreement with her. It was primarily her appeal and magnificence and not her acting ability that built up her as a celebrity. She couldn't set up herself as an entertainer. In addition, her sex image picture muddled the way that she was savvy, persevering and focused on her work (MONROE, MARILYN). While working with Twentieth Century Fox studio, she changed her name to Marilyn Monroe. The studio offered her with just minor jobs in motion pictures. Subsequent to closure her agreement with that studio she was jobless and around then she presented bare for a pin †up schedule. The schedule turned into an enormous achievement and was treated as a collectors’ thing. Her first critical activity was in the year 1950 when she acted in the film ‘The Asphalt Jungle’. She was acclaimed by numerous film pundits for her acting in that film. She acted in a few different movies and another film that she acted in was named ‘All about Eve’. Both these motion pictures brought her distinction as a silly blonde uncovering sexuality. In this manner she turned into a star and a big name. By 1953 she acted in the movies ‘Niagara’, ‘How to Marry a Millionaire’ and ‘Gentlemen Prefer Blondes’. In 1954 she wedded a previous baseball star Joe DiMaggio however the marriage went on for just nine months after which they were separated. The picture of sex †image followed her all over the place. Her wide peered toward engage, physical curve and common sex bid made her a universal big name. Her characteristics and looks were imitated broadly by individuals. In the long run she got baffled with assuming comparative jobs in motion pictures and as needs be she wanted to build up a creation organization. She went to New York to learn at the Actors Studio and acted in ‘Bus Stop’ in 1956 and ‘Some Like It Hot’ in 1959. She indicated development in her acting in those two motion pictures and was acclaimed by people in general and pundits the same. In the year 1956 she wedded the essayist Arthur Miller. Her better half composed the tale of The Misfits in 1961 wherein she was featured. Following seven days of discharging the film she separated from Miller. She encountered numerous troublesome occasions for an incredible duration. During her downturn, she was hospitalized for treatment in a psychological center and she was terminated from a film for her arriving behind schedule to the studio. Her downturn further strengthened and she initiated to ingest medications to reduce her mental injury. At last, she took her life by taking an overdose of barbiturates. She delighted in the status of a big name and she was adored as a sex goddess. In any case, she had been misused by Hollywood and men (Monroe, Marilyn, (1 Jun 1926 †5 Aug 1962). In The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia). On May 19, 1962, Marilyn Monroe went to the birthday festivity of the US President John F. Kennedy in Madison Square Garden. In this capacity, Monroe sang the birthday melody as a tribute to the President. It is accounted for that her undertaking with President Kennedy started from this event. Further, the Attorney General Bobby Kennedy was likewise answered to have had an illicit relationship with Marilyn Monroe (Brandon). Marilyn Monroe had shed pounds and quit devouring resting pills so as to get another look as she was to star in the film ‘Something’s Got to Give’ that started in the year 1962. This film was being delivered at the Twentieth Century Fox studio. Simultaneously, the studio was additionally creating another high spending film, in particular, Cleopatra that was featuring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton. With the creation of Cleopatra, the studio brought about substantial budgetary misfortunes and fell into obligation. During the time that Monroe was acting in the film she was experiencing bronchitis and was subsequently revealing late for plans. So the studio needed to expel her from the film so as to guarantee protection adds up to recover their misfortunes in ‘Cleopatra’. As such Twentieth Century Fox studio expelled Monroe from their film creation on the seventh of June, 1962 (Brandon). During this very upsetting and violent period, Marilyn

Blogger Application 2013!

Blogger Application 2013! Its summer in Cambridge, which means three things: 1) I remember that I need to hire new bloggers 2) I frantically Google for the old application posts to remember how to hire bloggers 3) oh right this is how I hire bloggers Be a blogger! As usual, we will primarily be looking for incoming freshman; however, we have a few upperclassmen spots that are open for the fall, and if you feel you can make a compelling case for your inclusion among them, please feel free to submit an application. Blogger Portfolio Our bloggers are expected to blog. However, the definition of blogging has expanded over the last decade, both within and without our office, from an heritage monoculture of long form essays to a heterogenous blooming of writing, cartoons, GIFs, and everything else. Ultimately people consume the blogs because they want to experience MIT through the creative expressions of bloggers. Thats the job. Send us something which will make us think you can do this job, do it regularly, and do it well. Biography City, State Class Year Dorm (current or anticipated) Course (current or anticipated) Why youre coming to MIT Short Answer (250 words or less) Why do you want to be an admissions blogger? Lumberjacks. Go. Creative Make something. Show us what you made. Applications must be submitted to chris [dot] peterson [at] mit [dot] edu by August 2nd. Good luck!

Make a Science Fair Poster or Display

The first step to creating a successful science project display is to read the rules concerning the size and types of materials allowed. Unless you are required to present your project on a single board, I recommend a tri-fold cardboard or heavy poster board display. This is a central piece of cardboard/posterboard with two fold-out wings. The folding aspect not only helps the display support itself, but it is also great protection for the interior of the board during transport. Avoid wooden displays or flimsy poster board. Make sure the display will fit inside any vehicle that is required for transportation. Organization and Neatness Organize your poster using the same sections as are listed in the report. Print each section using a computer, preferably with a laser printer, so that bad weather wont cause the ink to run. Put a title for each section at its top, in letters large enough to be seen from several feet away (very large font size). The focal point of your display should be your purpose and hypothesis. Its great to include photos and bring your project with you  if it is allowed and space permits. Try to arrange your presentation in a logical manner on the board. Feel free to use color to make your presentation stand out. In addition to recommending laser printing, my personal preference is to use a sans serif font because such fonts tend to be easier to read from a distance. As with the report, check spelling, grammar, and punctuation. TitleFor a science fair, you probably want a catchy, clever title. Otherwise, try to make it an accurate description of the project. For example, I could entitle a project, Determining Minimum NaCl Concentration that can be Tasted in Water. Avoid unnecessary words, while covering the essential purpose of the project. Whatever title you come up with, get it critiqued by friends, family, or teachers. If you are using a tri-fold board, the title usually is placed at the top of the middle board.PicturesIf at all possible, include color photographs of your project, samples from the project, tables, and graphs. Photos and objects are visually appealing and interesting.Introduction and PurposeSometimes this section is called Background. Whatever its name, this section introduces the topic of the project, notes any information already available, explains why you are interested in the project, and states the purpose of the project.The Hypothesis or QuestionExplicitly state your hypothesis or question.Materials and MethodsList the materials you used in your project and describe the procedure that you used to perform the project. If you have a photo or diagram of your project, this is a good place to include it.Data and ResultsData and Results are not the same thing. Data refers to the actual numbers or other information you obtained in your project. If you can, present the data in a table or graph. The Results section is where the data is manipulated or the hypothesis is tested. Sometimes this analysis will yield tables, graphs, or charts, too. More commonly, the Results section will explain the significance of the data or will involve a statistical test.ConclusionThe Conclusion focuses on the Hypothesis or Question as it compares to the Data and Results. What was the answer to the question? Was the hypothesis supported (keep in mind a hypothesis cannot be proved, only disproved)? What did you find out from the experiment? Answer these questions first. Then, depending on your answers, you may wish to explain ways in which the project might be improved or introduce new questions that have come up as a result of the project. This section is judged not only by what you were able to conclude  but also by your recognition of areas where you could ​not draw valid conclusions based on your data.ReferencesYou may need to cite references or provide a bibliography for your project. In some cases, this is pasted onto the poster. Other science fairs prefer that you simply print it out and have it available, placed below or beside the poster. Be Prepared Most of the time, you will need to accompany your presentation, explain your project, and answer questions. Sometimes the presentations have time limits. Practice what you are going to say, out loud, to a person or at least a mirror. If you can give your presentation to a person, practice having a question and answer session. On the day of the presentation, dress neatly, be polite, and smile! Congratulations on a successful science project!

Exploring the Discipline of Geography as a Science

Many secondary education institutions, particularly in the United States, include very minimal study of geography. They opt instead for separation and focus of many individual cultural and physical sciences, such as history, anthropology, geology, and biology, which are encompassed within the realms of both cultural geography and physical geography. History of Geography The trend to ignore geography in classrooms does seem to be slowly changing, though. Universities are starting to recognize more the value of geographic study and training and thus provide more classes and degree opportunities. However, there is still a long way to go before geography is widely recognized by all as a true, individual, and progressive science. This article will briefly cover parts of the history of geography, important discoveries, uses of the discipline today, and the methods, models, and technologies that geography uses, providing evidence that geography qualifies as a valuable science. The discipline of geography is among the most ancient of all sciences, possibly even the oldest because it seeks to answer some of man’s most primitive questions. Geography was recognized anciently as a scholarly subject, and can be traced back to Eratosthenes, a Greek scholar who lived around 276-196 B.C.E. and who is often called, â€Å"the father of geography.† Eratosthenes was able to estimate the circumference of the earth with relative accuracy, using the angles of shadows, the distance between two cities, and a mathematical formula. Claudius Ptolemaeus: Roman Scholar and Ancient Geographer Another important ancient geographer was Ptolemy, or Claudius Ptolemaeus, a Roman scholar who lived from about 90-170 C.E. Ptolemy is best known for his writings, the Almagest (about astronomy and geometry), the Tetrabiblos (about astrology), and the Geography – which significantly advanced geographic understanding at that time. Geography used the first ever recorded grid coordinates, longitude and latitude, discussed the important notion that a three-dimensional shape such as the earth could not be perfectly represented on a two-dimensional plane, and provided a large array of maps and pictures. Ptolemy’s work was not as accurate as today’s calculations, mostly due to inaccurate distances from place to place. His work influenced many cartographers and geographers after it was rediscovered during the Renaissance. Alexander von Humboldt: Father of Modern Geography Alexander von Humboldt, a German traveler, scientist, and geographer from 1769-1859, is commonly known as the â€Å"father of modern geography.† Von Humboldt contributed discoveries such as magnetic declination, permafrost, continentality, and created hundreds of detailed maps from his extensive traveling – including his own invention, isotherm maps (maps with isolines representing points of equal temperature). His greatest work, Kosmos, is a compilation of his knowledge about the earth and its relationship with humans and the universe – and remains one of the most important geographical works in the history of the discipline. Without Eratosthenes, Ptolemy, von Humboldt, and many other important geographers, important and essential discoveries, world exploration and expansion, and advancing technologies would not have taken place. Through their use of mathematics, observation, exploration, and research, mankind has been able to experience progress and see the world, in ways unimaginable to early man. Science in Geography Modern geography, as well as many of the great, early geographers, adheres to the scientific method and pursues scientific principles and logic. Many important geographic discoveries and inventions were brought forth through a complex understanding of the earth, its shape, size, rotation, and the mathematical equations that utilize that understanding. Discoveries like the compass, north and south poles, the earth’s magnetism, latitude and longitude, rotation and revolution, projections and maps, globes, and more modernly, geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), and remote sensing – all come from rigorous study and a complex understanding of the earth, its resources, and mathematics. Today we use and teach geography much as  we have for centuries. We often use simple maps, compasses, and globes, and learn about the physical and cultural geography of different regions of the world. But today we also use and teach geography in very different ways as well. We are a world that is increasingly digital and computerized. Geography is not unlike other sciences that have broken into that realm to advance our understanding of the world. We not only possess digital maps and compasses, but GIS and remote sensing allow for an understanding of the earth, the atmosphere, its regions, its different elements and processes, and how it can all relate to humans. Jerome E. Dobson, president of the American Geographical Society writes (in his article Through the Macroscope: Geographys View of the World) that these modern geographic tools â€Å"constitute a macroscope that allows scientists, practitioners, and the public alike to view the earth as never before.† Dobson argues that geographic tools allow for scientific advancement, and therefore geography deserves a place among the fundamental sciences, but more importantly, it deserves more of a role in education. Recognizing geography as a valuable science, and studying and utilizing progressive geographical tools, will allow for many more scientific discoveries in our world

Police Corruption An Analytical Look into Police Ethics

Police Corruption Justin Villeneuve Nipissing University CRJS 4917 For years, we have considered any discussions of police misconduct as taboo. After all, these are the men and woman in which we, as citizens, give the responsibility of keeping us out of harms way. We all know it is present within law enforcement in some shape or form, but we ignore its relevance in the way our criminal justice system works. Assumptions of police misconduct and corruption have long been suppressed and silenced through false litigation and system betrayal. The silencing or ignorance of police misconduct acts a strengthening mechanism which those, who engage in this type of behaviour, use as a motivational tool. It is becoming a popular belief that†¦show more content†¦So what is it that creates these delays and could they be in fact deliberate? In the two cases mentioned here, Sewell provides three possible reasons for the excessive delays. The first is the understaffing of the special task force assigned to the case. The second pertains to the reluctance of the task force to proceed charges against their own. The third makes reference to the police culture that says police should stay together through thick and thin (Sewell, 2010). Sewell seems to put an emphasis on police culture and its relation to these allegations. Jerome H. Skolnick, in his article, â€Å"Corruption and The Blue Code of Silence†, offers an explanation for the reluctance of officers to proceed charges against their own. The blue code is also called the blue wall or the blue curtain. Skolnick states that â€Å"at its best, the feeling of loyalty and brotherhood sustaining the â€Å"Code of Silence† may facilitate policing and protect police against genuine threats to safety and well being† (Skolnick, 2002, p.300). In saying this Skolnick is making note of the positives that this blue code has to offer. Yet the same code of loyalty and brotherhood is able to sustain an oppositional criminal subculture by protecting those officers who chose to es cape the functions of their profession and violate criminal sanctions. Police work is often done in an unpredictable manner in which police must act on their feet knowing that one poor choice may result in drasticShow MoreRelatedPolice Subculture And Corruption Within Law Enforcement951 Words   |  4 Pagespaper will be discussing police corruption, what it means and reasons it happens. Also exploring the police subculture, what it means, why it exists and if it contributes to corruption by law enforcement. Police subculture and corruption defined. A subculture is a group of people that generally share attitudes, views, rules, principles, beliefs, ways of living, and behaviors that differs in one or more ways from the culture. Law enforcement has a very distinct police subculture that has ideasRead MoreGovernment Enforcement Has Been Active Since The Beginning Of This Occupation1926 Words   |  8 Pages Corruption in law enforcement has been active since the beginning of this occupation. Certain characteristics of policing have changed throughout its years, but corruption is not one of them. In actuality, this phenomenon has increased significantly throughout its years. We are seeing more and more officers being arrested now. These arrests do not include the hundreds of officers that have not been caught. Police corruption can generally be defined as using one’s authority and power as a policeRead MoreEthics766 Words   |  4 PagesIndividuals face many challenges when entering into new employment or profession. The new job’s culture is not quickly learned; therefore, one has to observe and take notes on his or her new job’s way of doing things and adapt. 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The Attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin Toward Political Authority and Social Order free essay sample

The Protestant Reformation was initiated by the Augustinian monk Martin Luther, who developed different views concerning how society should be run and how government should be adhered; which were in opposition to his third successor, the French lawyer, John Calvin. The Protestant Reformation was a movement which emerged in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe. Although politically Martin Luther wanted the current monarchy to remain as the form of government, socially he preferred nobility over the peasants but sympathized with them and wanted social order to remain with the same division of lower and upper classes. On the contrary, John Calvin believed that the political authority should be changed from monarchy to the reformed church and socially wished for a social revolution where Christians were able to rule and have authority. Although, Luther worked in the existing political framework, Calvin on the other hand wanted to overpower the existing government. We will write a custom essay sample on The Attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin Toward Political Authority and Social Order or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Martin Luther wanted monarchy to remain as the form of government. This is so, because he needed the support from the Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in order to survive since the Emperor, Charles V, condemned him with heresy. Although Luther advocated religious reform, like Calvin; he believed that people should obey their political authorities. Yet, he encouraged German princes to reform the Church in their states and promoted the ideal that the Church was not subject to the pope’s interpretation. Unlike Luther, John Calvin was significantly radical and believed that the political authority should be changed from monarchy to the reformed church. Calvin developed the concept of predestination in which he believed that Calvinists were the chosen people of God, the elect, and the favored by God. In contrast to Luther, he believed church and city should combine to enforce Christian behavior. Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva where religious leaders, called the Prebysters, dominated the city’s government and had the power to impose harsh penalties for those who did not follow God’s will. While Luther socially sided with nobility, John Calvin wished for a social revolution. Unlike Calvin, Luther preferred nobility over the peasants but sympathized with them. He was a conservative on social and economic issues. He opposed the peasants and supported the princes in their suppression of the revolt in 1524. Because Luther believed that the church consisted of a â€Å"priesthood of ll believers† he did not believe in a hierarchical structure. Overall, Luther believed the social order should remain as it was because the reformation was a process from within the person. Contrary to Luther’s belief, John Calvin wished for a social revolution. Calvin wanted to re-order and mold society according to God’s plans in which men and women should a ct externally as they believe. Like Luther, Calvin ended both monasticism and the celibacy of the clergy. Contrary to Luther, Calvin emphasized a puritanical approach to life, which involved a rejection of worldly pleasures.

Aztec Religion and Gods of the Ancient Mexica

Aztec Religion and Gods of the Ancient Mexica The Aztec religion was made up of a complex set of beliefs, rituals and gods that helped the Aztec/Mexica to make sense of their worlds physical reality, and the existence of life and death. The Aztecs believed in a multiple-deity universe, with different gods who reigned over different aspects of Aztec society, serving and responding to Aztec specific needs. That structure was deeply rooted in a widespread Mesoamerican tradition in which concepts of the cosmos, world, and nature were shared across most of the prehistoric societies in the southern third of North America. In general, the Aztecs perceived the world as divided into and balanced by a series of opposing states, binary oppositions such as hot and cold, dry and wet, day and night, light and dark. The role of humans was to maintain this balance by practicing appropriate ceremonies and sacrifices. The Aztec Universe The Aztecs believed that the universe was divided into three parts: the heavens above, the world in which they lived, and the underworld. The world, called Tlaltipac, was conceived as a disk located in the middle of the universe. The three levels, heaven, world, and underworld, were connected through a central axis, or axis mundi. For the Mexica, this central axis was represented on earth by the Templo Mayor, the Main Temple located at the center of the sacred precinct of Mexico- Tenochtitlan. The Multiple Diety UniverseThe Aztec Heaven and underworld were also conceived as divided into different levels, respectively thirteen and nine, and each of these was overlooked by a separate deity. Each human activity, as well as the natural elements, had their own patron deity who overlooked different aspect of human life: childbirth, commerce, agriculture, as well as the seasonal cycles, landscape features, rain, etc. The importance of connecting and controlling the cycles of nature, such as the sun and moon cycles, with human activities, resulted in the use, in the pan-Mesoamerican tradition of sophisticated calendars which were consulted by priests and specialists. Aztec Gods The prominent Aztec scholar Henry B. Nicholson classified the numerous Aztec gods in three groups: celestial and creator deities, gods of fertility, agriculture and water and deities of war and sacrifices. Click on the links to learn more of each of the main gods and goddesses. Celestial and Creator Gods Xiuhtecuhtli-Huehueteotl (Old Man, the cycle of seasons)Tezcatlipoca (Smoking Mirror, god of night and sorcery)Quetzalcoatl (the god/hero, the once and future king figure) Gods of Water, Fertility, and Agriculture Tlaloc (rain god)Chalchiutlicue (She of the Jade Skirt, childbirth)Centeotl (Maize Cob Lord, maize)Xipe Totec Lord with the Flayed Skin, fertility) Gods of War and Sacrifice Tonatiuh (Aztec sun god)Huitzilopochtli (war god, patron god of Tenochtitlan)Tlaltecuhtli (earth goddess) Sources AA.VV, 2008, La Religià ³n Mexica, Arqueologà ­a Mexicana, vol. 16, num. 91 Nicholson, Henry B., 1971, Religion in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico, en Robert Wauchope (ed.), Handbook of Middle American Indians, University of Texas Press, Austin, Vol. 10, pp 395-446. Smith Michael, 2003, The Aztecs, Second Edition, Blackwell Publishing Van Tuerenhout Dirk R., 2005, The Aztecs. New Perspectives, ABC-CLIO Inc. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO and Oxford, England.

Critical Analysis of Crime and Punishment

Critical Analysis of Crime and Punishment Free Online Research Papers Crime and Punishment was like no other book that I have read in a while. The style, plot, settings and especially characters were all completely different and in now way associate with much of the books that I have recently read. Fyodor Dostoyevsky truly reaches the teaching of wrong and right, and how your conscience can break through your mind, such as the main character Raskolnikov. The story line has an investigation of the forces that impel a man toward sin, suffering and grace. This plot has the amazing characteristic of what makes Crime and Punishment a true classic. The books memorable main character, Raskolnikov, makes for a perfect recipe in the book. He is a lonely man living on his own with much debt on his hands. He commits a crime, by murdering a pawn shop lady, in order to get money to pay off all his troubles. But after he commits his crime, he runs off, taking almost nothing from the woman he had purposely killed, except for a long journey of misery. Raskolnikov remained quite, until detectives began to come under his skin as well as his conscience. He could not live in peace anymore until his dirty deed was revealed in order to have peace within himself. This character, as well as many others in the story, remains the focal point of the mysterious conscience of human kind. The plot shows how one can imagine things, or almost go insane if not taken to the honest truth in ones soul. It shows that living a lie can ruin ones health and can result in a complete finish. The main character demonstrates how life in a lie and suffering is the key towards another beginning. Suffering can lead someone into feeling the lost happiness, and the only way it can be found is by suffering. This book named good points in human values and how a troubled character can lead to a new beginning with a new epiphany. Some of the qualities of the book that were favorable was the plot. I enjoyed the style and language and the lessons taught throughout the text. I enjoyed how the storyline was about a mystery that was already revealed in the beginning of the book, but it still kept the audience wanting to learn more about the still mysterious character. Another subject that enchanted me about this book is that it some what relates to Fyodor Dostoyevsky. It is very interesting to learn about a foreign author and bout the troubles in their life that lead to a successful and classic story to literature today. There was one quality that I personally did not like about this book. I did not favor the fact that this book was a translation. It was written well, but sometimes words can get changed, and the whole affect of a caption can be changed just by one single word. Translations cannot always mean the same thing in another language and can change the feeling that an author might have been trying to portray in a certain section of the book. Overall the book was a great read and I do recommend it to any other person whom might like to read about mystery and suspension. The book took different levels of moods and kept me interested throughout the whole time. That multiple characters and situations that were introduced made me want to read more a more in order to discover the true meaning of the main character. Raskolnikov’s feelings and conscience and also his hard work towards happiness made this a good read. The ever changing mood made the plot more interesting chapter by chapter. Also despite the length of the book, it was interesting to read such a unique passage about the human qualities of their conscience and how happiness is only met by truth and honesty. The difference between the good and evil repeats its self all over again to teach a life lesson in Crime and Punishment. Research Papers on Critical Analysis of "Crime and Punishment"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is Art

Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategies - Essay Example FDI is often defined as an accord through which an entity of one economy tends to invest capitals in another economy with the purpose of gaining and simultaneously providing long-term benefits to the parties involved, i.e. the direct investor, direct investment enterprise, and the economies on the whole (OECD, 2009). As is evident from the benchmark definition provided by OECD, FDI ordinarily means the liberty to foreign investor allowing them to set up a production unit through investment in the host country with the purpose to stimulate the means of production in the economy and thus enhance capital allocation (Neuhaus, 2006). It is in this context that the involvement of FDIs in the economic development of the host countries, especially in the case of developing countries has been in debate for decades. In this regard, the foremost concern was drawn on the sovereignty of the state governments and the effects that FDIs had due to growing influences. As stated by Schnitzer (2000), F DIs reward few significant rights to the direct investors in order to operate in the host country with minimal legislative barriers. This influences the monetary policies of the country which in turn affects the sovereignty of the state government as can be observed from the illustration of East European economies, e.g. Hungary, Poland, Czech and others (Schnitzer, 2000). In many instances, FDIs have been witnessed to affect the sustainable development of the host country as well. It is worth mentioning that from a general point of view FDIs are expected to provide the host country with enhanced employment opportunities; thereby reducing poverty and enhancing the overall economic growth. However, it is quite important that the resource allocation is equally distributed in the country to gain total development. But evidences have revealed that FDIs have failed in providing total benefit to the host developing economies (Velde, 2001). To be illustrated in the case of Africa, the FDIs had been recorded to increase significantly as was recorded in 2002. Despite the significant rise in inflows of FDIs in the economies, namely, Nigeria, Tunisia, Egypt, and Algeria, also recorded as the chief direct investment enterprises of the continent, the economic growth has been quite low in comparison to other economies facilitating FDIs, such as Poland, Hungary and other Western economies. The increase of corruptions, extortions and other social issues has also affected the economic growth in these countries. Weak sustainable development can also be witnessed in the case of Latin American as well as Caribbean economies (Gardiner, 2002). FDIs have also proved to be beneficial in many instances, e.g. in the case of China. The inclusion of FDIs in the economy have rewarded with better productivity in the technology sector as well as in the case of human resource development with almost equal distribution of resources. China, as a developing economy had also faced the risk of sov ereignty and other political, economical along with social risks which were dealt with

World Trade Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World Trade Organization - Essay Example As an business community organization, its main focus is set upon creating a uniform set of trade rules between nations that will ensure a smooth, efficient, trustworthy, and assured business transaction among member nations. As an advocate of free and global trade, WTO gives consumers the opportunity to have a greater market for demand and choice of various products as imported from various nation suppliers. The end result, as the organization envisions it, is supposed to be a more balanced, prosperous, peaceful, and accountable economic world. Balance and accountability in the economic world... That statement carries a tremendous weight in the WTO. As such, the organization also functions as a dispute settler among its member countries in relation to their trade agreements. To quote: Trade friction is channelled into the WTO's dispute settlement process where the focus is on interpreting agreements and commitments, and how to ensure that countries' trade policies conform with them.

Did Marx Condemn Capitalism As Unjust Sociology Essay

Did Marx Condemn Capitalism As Unjust Sociology Essay Marxs 1848 discussion of theoretical Communism is widely held by historians as one of the most influential political texts ever written. Its principles formed the basis of the Communist movement and offered an alternative to the growing capitalism within various societies around the world. However, many of the principles that Marx offered have been debated by political commentators and historians through the ages. For example, Cohen argues the following: Now, there exists a debate about whether or not Marx regarded capitalist exploitation as unjust. Some think it obvious that he did believe it to be unjust, and others think that he patently did not. (1995, p. 195). This premise will be examined in this essay, drawing on various academic works in order to provide credibility to the argument that Marx did indeed condemn capitalism as unjust. Before analysing Marxs argument against capitalism, it is necessary to examine it and draw conclusions as to what the implications within the text actually are. The Communist Manifesto and German Ideology both deal with social dynamics and the interactions between capitalism, production, the proletariat and Communism. Marx actually identifies capitalism as the following: To be a capitalist is to have not only a purely personal but a social status in production. Capital is a collective product, and only by the united action of many members, nay, in the last resort, only by the united action of all members of society, can it be set in motion. (2002, p. 236). As such, he actively asserts that capitalism is a manufactured state that is borne out of selfishness and the personal need to be materialistically rich. This implies that capitalism does not benefit the collective, instead being of benefit to the individual looking to climb the social ladder. Despite this, as capital is a collective notion and so this gives the impression that it can be used to benefit everyone if it is utilised in the correct manner. This would create an equality that would ensure that nobody need ever suffer within society again. In German Ideology, Marx explains why this has not yet occurred: the patriarchal relationship between journeyman and master continued to exist; in manufacture its place was taken by the monetary relation between worker and capitalist a relationship which in the countryside and in small towns retained a patriarchal tinge, but in the larger, the real manufacturing towns, quite early lost almost all patriarchal complexion. (1970, p. 74) Patriarchal societies had existed for centuries and implied that there was some sort of responsibility being taken for those less fortunate than the business owners, even if there was a major disparity in terms of wealth. The fact that Marx asserts that the patriarchal element of society has been removed speaks volumes about the level of social responsibility that he thought existed following the development of capitalism. The social responsibility that every individual had for his fellow man had disappeared and so it became every individual for himself, which not only led to social climbing but also led to a greater gulf between the classes than previously existed (Jacoby, 1976, p. 206). This is just one of the reasons why it can be argued that Marx believed capitalism to be unfair and unjust. The fact that every individual became concerned with what he could get and forgot about his fellow man was just the start of Marxs damning social commentary. The impact that this had upon the proletariat was far more profound in retrospect than anybody imagined beforehand. However, Marx predicted the unjust treatment of the waged people that Hampsher-Monk highlights: There was a battle to establish against the remnants of political and economic feudalism the institutions of a liberal and commercial state, and there was, for some others at least, the battle to establish a socialist answer to the veils of developing capitalism, the poisoning and maiming of workers and children in regulated factories, the discharge of untreated poisons, the destruction of familial stability and resulting poverty (1992, p. 487) Reports of the events outlined above had begun to filter through when The Communist Manifesto and German Ideology were published but got worse after the spectre of capitalism began to grow. Those events within the quote represent just a sample of the treatment that the waged people had to experience and they aptly highlight the problems that capitalism provided them with. Unable to escape industry because they needed to feed their families, the proletariat were subjected to awful conditions for their bosses to make a profit and the latter did not care providing their own wealth grew. This is yet another example of how and why capitalism was indeed unjust. By highlighting these events and the lack of care from the higher social classes, Marx actively and effectively argues that capitalism is unjust and uses the very principles of capitalism to do so: It is important to remember that the assumptions Marx begins from are assumptions about capitalism taken from capitalisms own ideologues. His is a picture of a buoyant and innovative capitalism, competitive, and with plenty of capital accumulation through profits. (McClelland, 1996, p. 558). By using the ideology of capitalism to frame his argument, Marx is able to highlight the social injustice that capitalism can bring within its own framework, thus highlighting the negatives that lie behind the presented positives. Tucker also introduced the idea of capitalism actually being legalized robbery (1969, p. 43) because it deprives the individual worker of what he or she is actually entitled to: the wage worker under capitalism was being robbed of something that rightfully belonged to him, or that profit was theft (1969, p. 39). In short, the individual worker is only paid a fraction of what his or her labour is worth under capitalism with the remainder going to the employer. As such, it is not the labour offered by the worker that proves fruitful but rather the exploitation of that labour by an individual from a higher class who never has to get his hands dirty in order to reap the rewards. This exploitation and lack of appropriate reward is repeatedly highlighted by Marx, especially in relation to wages: The average price of wage labour is the minimum wage, i.e., that quantum of the means of subsistence which is absolutely requisite to keep the labourer in bare existence as a labourer (2002, p. 236 ). This particular quote highlights how unjust capitalism actually is in relation to the present and the future. It also provides evidence that there are no just rewards available for the proletariat. Designed to maintain the status quo, much as feudalism was, it actually provides a worse situation for the working class because they become further entrenched in capitalism. There is no hope of relief because of the lack of patriarchal values and opportunity to advance in the workplace or life in general. When placed alongside Marxs ideological system of equality, capitalism is proven to be unjust. Husami asserts that no social system has ever been condemned more radically, indicted more severely, and damned more comprehensively than capitalism was by Marx. It is a system of domination of men by men, of men by things, and of men by impersonal forces. (1978, p. 27). In doing so, he effectively makes the case for Marx arguing that man is subordinate to the machine under capitalism. In fact, this is evident within all of Marxs political texts. The proletariat is considered to be the commodity in that it is effectively the machine. If the proletariat did not work then the machine would not work, but a machine does not have needs. A person and indeed a society does. This is another reason why capitalism is so unjust. The needs of the individual wage worker are ignored and so are in no way fulfilled. In becoming a cog in the capitalist machine, the wage worker is forced to forego all rights and individual wants and needs he may have. As Husami argues, everything becomes impersonal a nd nobody is treated with the respect and individualisation they deserve. In stripping every wage worker of his humanity and rendering him a faceless machine part, it is easy to ignore the individual without focusing too much on what he is being deprived of. Capitalism makes that possible and ensures that the threat of unemployment [is] hanging permanently over their heads (McClelland, 1996, p. 537). This, in turn, ensures that wage workers remain in their social place and do not have a voice to use unless they come together as a collective. As such, this is the basis of the argument for the onset of Communism that Marx presents within his ideological texts. The workers have to come together in order to create a movement strong enough to overthrow the unjust capitalism. However, not all academics agree that Marx argues that capitalism is unjust, citing that there are explicit denunciations and sustained criticisms of social thinkers (such as Pierre Proudhon and Ferdinand Lassalle) who did not condemn capitalism for its injustices or advocated some form of socialism as a means of securing justice, equality, or the rights of man. (Wood, 1972, p. 244). Whilst it is true that the views of the social thinkers did stand opposed to Marxs views, this argument can be perceived in a number of ways. For example, Marx himself denounced Proudhon because his petty bourgeois leanings had a tendency to wish to resort to authoritarian solutions (Thomas, 1990, p. 237). As such, it could be argued that the way in which social thinkers viewed capitalism did not match up with the way Marx himself perceived it, meaning that he neither thought it completely unjust or worthy of total eradication. In fact, it is possible to read The Communist Manifesto in a way that agrees with this perspective. For example, if Capital is a collective product (Marx, 2002, p. 236) then the lower classes control it as much as the upper classes do. However, even with all of the above in mind, there is too much evidence available to prove that Marx did consider capitalism as unjust. Marxs use of language and words like robbery, embezzlement, booty, theft, plunder and usurpation betray his feelings towards the concept of capitalism for all to see (Husami, 1978, p.43). This dichotomy just serves to prove that capitalism can be both just or unjust, depending on ones class interests and the conditions which determine them. (Kain, 1991, p. 160). Marxs perspective definitely belonged to the latter category and not the former. In conclusion, whilst an alternative reading is possible as a result of the nature of the debate itself and Marxs condemnation of social thinkers that followed in his footsteps, it is quite clear from in depth analysis that he believes that capitalism was unjust. His argument against capitalism characterises it as dehumanizing, disenfranchising and downright unfair based on the contribution of workers to society. Although there is no direct argument against the modernisation, there is an argument against the social condition that it imposes on the workers. In terms of the rewards that the individual gets, capitalism most certainly is unjust and the Marx argument can still be applied to society today.

Books for Africa Essay example -- Non-Charitable Organization

Books for Africa has kept over 28 million books out of landfills.(â€Å"Got books†page 1) Books for Africa is a organization that sends books to less fortunate children in Africa. Books for Africa is working hard to improve literacy rates in Africa. Books for Africa is a non-charitable organization that sends books to less fortunate kids in Africa. The organization is 100 percent volunteers dedicated to raising money to buy books. I'm sure you are wondering about sending books to Africa. The African literacy rate is very low and sending books to Africa helps the children in Africa learn how to read and write. (â€Å"Why Books?† Page 1) So, the organization is trying to fill the library shelves with books. United States Congressman of Minnesota said Keith Ellison â€Å"In Kenya, we were in a small village and the students had a wonderful school. They were eager to learn. They had motivated teachers, but they didn’t have any books in the school. They had no library. And so, imagine how proud I was to open up this box of shiny new encyclopedias and dictionaries from Books For Africa. They want more of your books. They can’t wait. They can’t get enough of these books.† (â€Å"Why Books?† page 1) Last year, Books for Africa sent 10 sea containers to Africa. (â€Å"Got books† page 1) Each container can hold up to 22,000 books and each costs $9,800. (â€Å"Books from America† page 1) Books are like video games in Africa, kids love them. So, that is why this organization sends books. They don’t only send books to kids in Africa they send E books, which are electronic devices that allow you to download books to them and you read them off of there. (â€Å"E-books for Africa† page 1†) Which is great since they don't have many books and the books they have are usually... ... bridge from misery to hope.†(â€Å"Books for Africa† page 1) Charity navigator the magazine said, â€Å"Books For Africa has earned its third consecutive 4-star rating for its ability to efficiently manage and grow its finances. Only 11% of the charities we rate have received this 'exceptional' designation, indicating that Books For Africa consistently executes its mission in a fiscally responsible way and outperforms most other charities in America.† (â€Å"Books for Africa† page 1) This just shows how this organization is growing. Its growing fast to! Books for Africa is doing everything in there power to increase the literacy rate in Africa. It is shown that in the communities that have received books more people are becoming more literate. This proves that Books for Africa is doing a lot to improve literacy rates. Books for Africa is going to do great things in the future.

Andy Warhol Essay

Andy Warhol is one of the significant famous personalities of the twentieth century. He is an artist, a film maker, a celebrity and even a businessman. Warhol advanced the Popular art movement in America. He made compelling and controversial art works that yielded praises and even criticisms. Warhol had once said, â€Å"I’d prefer to remain a mystery. I never like to give my background and, anyway, I make it all up different every time I’m asked. It’s not just that it’s part of my image not to tell everything, it’s just that I forget what I said the day before, and I have to make it all up over again† (Wrenn Andy Warhol: in his own words).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Andy Warhol was born in 1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as the son of Slovakian immigrants. His father was Andrej who was a construction worker who died when he was 13 and his mother was Julia. According to his mother, Warhol suffered three nervous breakdowns in his childhood (Andy Warhol). By 1945, he entered the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) where he majored in pictorial design . After college, Warhol went to New York and started his career in illustration and advertising for several magazines including Vogue, Harper’s Bazaar and The New Yorker (Cribbs Andy Warhol: Biography). It was film director Emile de Antonio who encouraged Warhol to start as an independent   artist because he considered commercial art as a real form of   real art. His fondness for art and commerce gained him several recognitions from established organizations (Andy Warhol).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the 1960’s, many of Andy Warhol’s most famous and iconic images were generated. By adapting various images from popular culture, Warhol created many paintings that remained icons of 20th-century art, such as the Campbell’s Soup Cans, Disasters and Marilyns. In addition to painting, Warhol made several 16mm films which have become underground classics such as Chelsea Girls, Empire and Blow Job (Cribbs Andy Warhol: Biography). Most of Warhol’s films were deemed plotless,   complex and somewhat pornographic. Though there were scripts, most of the dialogues in his films were improvised by the actors who were usually transvestites, homosexuals and his acquaintances. According to Warhol, he never particularly wanted to make simply sex movies, but attempted to show how people can meet other people and what they can do and what they can say each other. Warhol’s gradual withdrawal from films production coincided with his near fatal shooting in 1968 by a female ‘factory’ reject connected with an anti-male hate group (Andy Warhol). More so, in this period, Warhol moved to the â€Å"Factory.† It was his place at Union Square in New York City where he and his team of hired workers massly produced screen prints of popular culture. This immediately became the hangout venue for   artist, musicians, and actors where they expressed their individuality. The Factory also served as a working place where he produced most his masterpieces in art and film (Andy Warhol Biography).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the 70’s amd 80’s, Warhol had expanded his empire beyond mere art making. He was in the center of a corporation that produced films, books, plays, and was involved with television (Andy Warhol). He founded inter/VIEW magazine. He also created two cable television shows, â€Å"Andy Warhol’s TV† and â€Å"Andy Warhol’s Fifteen Minutes† for MTV . More so, Warhol had several collaborations with younger artists such as Jean-Michel Basquiat, Francesco Clemente and Keith Haring (Cribbs Andy Warhol: Biography). In his book The Philosophy of Andy Warhol he wrote: â€Å"Business art is the step that comes after Art. I started as a commercial artist, and I want to finish as a business artist. After I did the thing called ‘art’ or whatever it’s called, I went into business art. I wanted to be an Art Businessman or a Business Artist. Being good in business in the most fascinating kind of art† (Andy Warhol).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Andy Warhol died after a gall bladder surgery on February 22, 1987. His funeral was attended by his friends, colleagues and more than   2, 000 fans at St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York (Cribbs Andy Warhol: Biography) .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Warhol made a huge contribution in art history. His eccentric personality brought him to beyond levels of stardom. He constantly shook the art industry with his controversial art works that were considered avant-garde during that era. Warhol’s personality have been subjected to several suspicions. His concepts and interpretations gave an impression that he was a homosexual. According to Wayne Koestenbaum’s psychoanalytical interpretation, everything was sexual for Warhol, who was †as gay as you can get† and he also said that â€Å"Warhol’s major artistic contribution was reinterpreting the worth of cultural waste products† (Andy Warhol). Many would think that Warhol is not a true blooded artist because mainly for the fact that he was driven by monetary ambition and even came to the point where he became obsessed in being rich and famous. But he proved that business can be mixed with art making. He utilized the best of both worlds, which are the corporate world and the art world. In a but shell, he merged art, wealth and fame producing the Pop Artist Andy Warhol (Andy Warhol Biography). Works Cited â€Å" Andy Warhol Biography.† ArtQuotes.net. 28 February 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . â€Å"Andy Warhol.† 2000. Books and Writers. 28 February 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Cribss, Martin. â€Å" Andy Warhol: Biography.† 2002. The Andy Warhol Foundation for the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Visual Arts.   28 February 2008 . Wrenn, Mike. Andy Warhol: In His Own Words. Omnibus Press, 1992.

The financial management policies of Sainsburys - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3924 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Report to critically evaluate the Financial Management policies and practices of J Sainsbury plc over the last five years. including gearing dividend decisions, investment performance appraisal and cost of capital subjects. J. Sainsbury plc was established in 1869 by John James and Mary Ann Sainsbury. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The financial management policies of Sainsburys" essay for you Create order It is established as Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s oldest food retailer. It comprises two divisions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Retailing, by way of its supermarkets and smaller convenience stores, together with its financial services, Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bank. It aims to provide high quality products, at good value with an excellent standard of service. It is the third largest grocery chain in the UK behind Tesco and Asda/Wal-Mart. [1] The J. Sainsburys food retail area serves over 16 million customers a week by way of a total 788 stores and an internet-based home delivery service. The financial services area of Sainsburys Bank, offers a variety of packages including life insurance, saver accounts, credit cards and travel insurance to name a few. In October 2004 the supermarket giant was suffering the consequences of the increasing success of its competitors and it responded by announcing a dramatic recovery plan which would serve to lead it out of the spiraling losses the company was experiencing. Still reeling from the impact of late 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s BSE financial implications where the stores lost out over two million on fresh beef alone.[2] The Making Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Great Again strategy served to increase their overall profits by over 200 million before tax in just over one year.[3] Before floundering again two years later under speculation of an impending takeover. A fiscal breakdown of the procedures between 2003 and 2008 demonstrates the financial narrative of a company experiencing highs and lows in a competitive environment, maintaining its significant profile and diversifying its options. 2003-2005 Following on from 2002 and a year in which sales growth increased profits and encouraged the operational gearing, Sainsbury Shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ funds increased by  £155 million to  £5,003 million, with net debt increasing by  £248million. Public confidence had been gained but severe losses were still being documented. The company also found themselves having to increase their borrowing and extended their loans by an additional three and a half years. The overall Group gearing, or Net debt divided by total equity, rose to 28% with group capital rising from 11.1 % to 11.5%. This will no doubt be a reflection of the number of investments that the Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s group made during this year.[4] The company Directors recommended the payment of a final dividend of 11.36 pence per share, at an increase of 0.54 pence from 2002 and a total dividend for the year ending 2003 of 15.58 pence per share, complimenting the increase in the number of shareholders that year. This total also reflected the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s aim to encourage profit growth in 2004. In terms of the groups investments during these two years the one million pound investment it had made in the Homebase stores was sold. The final disposal of this investment made the company a total profit of around  £61 million, after taking into account any liabilities following the sale of the partner business in 2001which boosted the profits for the group noticeably in 2003.[5] The figures below illustrate the differences in terms of the increased investments and total debt that the company experienced over one year.[6] 2003 2002 Cash and current asset investments 659 386 Debt (2,063) (1,542) Fixed asset investments Group Company 2003 2002 2003 2002 Shares in group undertakings (note 16) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 7,661 6,227 Joint ventures (note 17) 9 44 6 33 Own shares at cost1 86 88 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Other unlisted investments at cost 17 42 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 25 By the end of 2003 Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s were in trouble and fighting to maintain their positioning amongst the other major chains. In July 2003 Asda gained 17% of the market share. Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s slipped from a position of 17.1% of the market share to just 16.2%. Following the merger with Wal-Mart, Asda proceeded to overtake Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s as the second largest supermarket in the UK. [7] In 2004 it was determined that an increase in profits was needed urgently through sales and it was agreed that in order to meet these targets group managers would be provided with financial incentives. Consequently a share incentive scheme was initiated for all senior managers within Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s plc. Performance of these managers would be assessed over a period of four years and only when all targets had been met would the scheme be awarded.[8] Although the scheme encouraged increased and improved working practice it did look to the media like the Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s group were floundering, with a public announcement that acknowledged the weaknesses that existed within the company. What followed was a continued drive to invest and increase performance. Their 2 005 annual report stresses the importance attached to investment with the creation of a specialist web site designed to provide information on current investors in addition to attracting new ones.[9] This 2005 report also outlines the Performance indicators for 2004 and 2005 for Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s initiatives nationwide. In terms of offering new provision to its customers as part of the ongoing attempts to raise their profile the group launched its Wheel of Health campaign to encourage shoppers to think about the healthier options where eating is concerned and an astonishing 250,000 children took part in their Taste of Success initiative. This programme had the aim of assisting young people in a bid to encourage learning about food and nutrition. Running in partnership with the British Nutrition Foundation and the Design Technology Association, curriculum courses around food technology were built into the scheme which hosted food awards and awareness training for teach ers across the UK. Efforts were made to engage more with the community and align the company to the needs of assisting with regeneration across the country. It was an excellent attempt at active inclusivity and would have served to improve their image at the time significantly. Local Heroes awards were given to colleagues who demonstrated acts of courage, assistance or excellence within their communities, participating once again in the Investors in People scheme and reaching out to their own staff for their knowledge input and consultation around the way in which the business operates overall. Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s also became heavily involved with Comic Relief activities, raising seven million pounds throughout its stores for the charity and developing a vouchers for school campaign to support schools buying sports equipment. It seems that Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s had a stake in everything in 2005 and was actively playing its part for the environment by reducin g packaging significantly, reducing its CO2 emissions and introducing biodegradable methods for its waste produce. During this year the company headed up the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices and proved themselves to be the only retailer in the UK to appear in the Global 100 list of sustainable corporations. In 2005 they also took the award for Organic Supermarket of the Year.[10] Looking at the overall Capital between 2003 and 2005 the company argued that capital was in decline in 2003 due to the fact that the Easter holidays were much earlier than usual and a significant amount of new lines were being introduced. [11] Group capital expenditure for the year amounted to 1,197 million, compared to 1,159 million the previous year. This increase can also be attributed to the variety of new business transformation concepts. Essentially higher levels of spending had been necessary to adopt innovative activities for all stores to participate in across the UK. During this year Sain sburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bought up a number of additional retail units acquired from the newly liquidated Ames Department stores. These needed financial support over the next couple of years in terms of refurbishment and conversion into new Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s supermarket stores. By 2004 capital expenditure was reducing and the company was seeing the signs of improved cash flow, additionally supported by lower dividend payments.[12]. In 2004/05 Capital expenditure dropped to around  £500 million. Throughout 2004/05 Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s integrated an energy savings programme across all of its stores and offices with a spend of over  £14million working in partnership with npower[13] 2006 to 2008 By 2006 Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s recovery plan was beginning to demonstrate a real difference. In 2005 it had set itself a target of  £2.5 billion in sales over a three year period. There were vast improvements in the retail operating profit m argins, demonstrable by a 14.3% operating profit growth recorded for 2005/06. By 2006 they were over half way to achieving their  £2.5 billion sales target. Their operational gearing had improved and risen considerably. During November 2006 Citigroup were predicting an increase of 64% in their overall profits before tax to reach  £193 million. Shares in Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s also rose to all time high in eight years, to a staggering 420p.[14] This overwhelming continued improvement in operational gearing can be attributed to greater sales and a reduction in costs. For example the group managed to make significant savings in labour and IT during this period.[15] This resulted in their ability to demonstrate higher investment in the overall quality of price and product. Between 2005 and 2006 a final dividend of 5.85p per share was announced. By 2007 a final dividend of 7.35 pence per share was proposed. [16]Once again illustrating the continued economic stre ngth of the company over a comparative short space of time. The table below illustrates the comparative performance indicators for Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s between 2005 and 2006[17] Continuing operations 2006 2005 Sales (inc VAT)  £17,317m  £16,364m Sales (ex VAT)  £16,061m  £15,202m Underlying operating profit  £342m  £325m Underlying profit before tax  £267m  £238m Profit/(loss) before tax  £104m  £(238)m Profit/(loss) after tax  £58m  £(187)m Underlying earnings per share 10.50p 8.30p Basic earnings/(losses) per share 3.80p (17.40p) Proposed dividend per share 8.00p 7.80p What is immediately obvious here are the increased levels of profit and the tremendous rise in value against Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shares. As mentioned previously the new stores made a tremendous contribution to the noticeable growth in sales, including the introduction of 14 new supermarkets and 20 new metro convenience stores. In 2006 The Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Group made other investments by way of completing nine extensions, 28 refurbishments, with a total 94 refurbishments and conversions of its convenience stores overall[18]. By 2005/06 the effects of their Making Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Great strategy were becoming very apparent. Around this time the retail industry were however experiencing the negative effects of financial increases across the UK placed upon rent, rates and wages. In addition many energy supply companies were gradually introducing their higher costs and Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s estimated their energy expenses to total around Ã⠀šÃ‚ £55 million by the end of 2007.[19] In 2005 Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s owned 455 supermarkets. In 2006 they had targeted and additional 131 stores to invest in and refurbished 37 of these by March. They extended ten stores and acquired nine disbanded Safeway stores from Morrisonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in this same year. These ex-Morrisonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stores provided Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s with around a 20% increase in overall sales. This demonstrates their ability to penetrate new locations successfully. During 2006 the group also embarked on an enhancement programme for their online home delivery service. As a consequence they received a sales increase of over 25% from this market.[20] 2005 witnessed another significant move by Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to assist with their recovery programme, when they decided to terminate their IT outsourced contract with company Accenture. In 2000 Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s had signed a contract worth over  £1 .7 billion, scheduled to continue for seven years. In 2003 this was reviewed and extended to 2010. In the meantime Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decided to invest in its own IT systems and made the move towards developing their own in-house systems. This decision also followed in the wake of the Accenture infrastructures failing to adequately support the needs of the company and costing Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s at one point  £500 million in supply chain and IT assets. At the time Chief Executive Justin King responded publically that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The IT cost is a greater proportion of sales than they were three years agoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. [21] Dropping the contract and focusing on an in-house infrastructure in 2005 enabled Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to recoup some of ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s losses and the drain in spend that Accenture were taking from the company each year Capital expenditure reduced in 2006 to  £525 million, a sharp decrease from the pre vious financial year where capital expenditure had reached a staggering  £901 million. This can however largely be accounted for as the increase had included Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s new investments in the ex-Morrisonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stores and the balance of this was significantly outweighed by the resulting increase in sales.[22] 2007 witnessed another sharp increase in capital by  £212 million on the previous year and can mostly be attributed to the cost of refurbishment and extensions to existing stores.[23] Throughout 2006 and 2007 Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s had begun talks with the Qatari based investment fund, Delta Two, with regard to a possible takeover and a proposed bid amounting to  £10.6 billion. The bid was quashed finally at the end of 2007; as a result of the effects of the global credit crunch, but not without its consequences. The public and investors had panicked and lost confidence in the Sainsbury group and share prices plumme ted by 20%, impacting on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s overall market value which reduced by  £1.8 billion.[24] Delta Two remain in possession of 25% ownership of the group (the Sainsbury family hold 18%) and would be at liberty to present a new offer in light of the fact that six months have elapsed since their last bid failed. It is unlikely to consider a new takeover bid, in terms of the Sainsbury group refusing to back down against their offer and the Qatarià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inability to negotiate, but the likelihood of some future takeover is not completely improbable, considering this particular deal became so near to closure and received such immense media attention. Brian Revell of Unite, which is Britains largest union consisting of 20,000 members at Sainsburys declared the failed takeover bid to be a positive move for the supermarket and looks forward to a period of stability and business as usual. In contrast Revell has stated that there remain issues across the group which are still not resolved. We are aware that significant Sainsburys shareholders have designs on splitting the companys retail and property interests. Such a split would not be good news in our judgment and we would urge the board to resist the temptation. And other investors such as Robert Tchenguiz whose property empire owns a 10% stake in Sainsburys is continually lobbying the board to release the  £8 billion value of Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, in order to re-invest in a significant property enterprise. [25]The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most recent announcements to begin moving more resources into non-food initiatives, may see a more gradual shift into different, more varied opportunistic markets such as this. Similarly only six months ago Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s announced their new investments of  £273 million into the joint venture property enterprise British Land. 2008 has marked the end of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Making Sainsbu ryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Great Again strategy, launched in 2004 at the height of their financial difficulties and struggle to maintain their profile. This recovery plan had revolved around improving customer incentives and operational efficiency in order to increase sales and profit enhancement. The original sales target set by the group in 2004 had been an agreed  £2.5 billion. With sales of  £2.7 billion announced in March of this year the supermarket giant has managed to exceed their target, with profits also significantly increasing by 28.4% before tax. A final dividend of 9.00 pence per share agreed in 2008 raises the year end dividend to 12.00 pence. This demonstrates an increase of 23.1 per cent compared to 2007.[26] However the Financial Times income statement for Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s confirms that Year on year since 2004 little progress has been made in their total net income which has risen from 325.00m to just 329.00m. What is apparent is the grow th in revenue by 4.00% during this period which can be attributed to the increase in the cost of goods sold as a percentage of their sales. Cash flow margins from these figures also illustrate considerable losses in cash reserves for 2008. This is probably accountable by way of the 791million the company spent on investments.[27] It was announced at a Food and Grocery conference earlier this year that Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s will now take forward a new strategy, following on from the success of Making Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Great Again. The new From Recovery to Growth plan heralds s the start of another three year initiative that will anticipate a sales growth of  £3.5 billion. Around  £15 million will be invested in the project.This latest strategy will see Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s focusing on new business opportunities, improving their online home delivery service and diversifying its products to expand further into the non-foods market.[28] Conc lusion Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s has responded to a variety of financial challenges over the past five years, dealing with the threat of stronger competition, a fluctuating economy which has influenced UK shopping trends and beaten back the threat of takeover and possible insolvency. In 2005 the sales figures, profit losses and ever decreasing share prices were presenting a bleak picture for the company. A massive recovery plan, expansion of its stores and nationwide initiatives and new partnerships enabled the company to recuperate its losses and generate a huge increase in sales. Early measures taken to dramatically cut the costs of ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s IT outsourcing in 2005 also contributed to the decrease in unnecessary investments. Together with their shrewd publicity campaigns led by the popular celebrity chef Jamie Oliver, Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s used a number of combined profile raising and financial initiatives in order to deliver a complete economic turnaround . In 2008 Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s total retail sales including VAT currently stand at 19,287 million, an increase on their previous year from 18,227 million. And a considerable improvement on their sales figures recorded for 2005 at 16,354 million. Since 2005 a steady year on year rise has amounted to a total increase in sales of just under  £300 million. Similarly their profits have soared. Profit before tax in 2008 confirms a 28.4% rise at  £488 million. Precisely  £108 million compared to 2007. Profits in 2006 were recorded at  £108 million. This illustrates an overwhelming profit increase of  £380 million for Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s over just two years. Like-for-like sales, excluding fuel, has risen 3.9 per cent. The group has recorded 13 consecutive quarters of like-for-like growth. Sales, cost cutting and profit targets under this programme have all been exceeded in accordance with the Making Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Great Again strategy. In the face of continued speculation regarding the global economy and less disposable income, Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Chief Executive, Justin King has acknowledged the ongoing worries regarding consumer spend across all economies, declaring Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"clearly under pressureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, expecting the market to continue to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"intensely competitiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. He has also positively indicated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"people eat at home more rather than spending money on visiting restaurants.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [29] Which will obviously falls in favour of the retail food market. Sainsburys has lost some of its share in the market recently and customers have been turning to cheaper supermarkets. In response the company launched their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Feed your family for a fiver campaign earlier in the year, championed once again by Jamie Oliver. The scheme seeks to provide customers with a range of h ealthy, fresh and tasty meal options for four people at a budget of  £5 or under. Another interesting point to note is that Justin King as declared food price inflation to exist at 2% with regard to Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s supermarkets, whereas the Office for National Statistics quotes the figure to be 6.6%. Time will only tell how Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fair the recent storm involving the impact of the credit crunch. Sainsbury shares have also dramatically recovered after decreasing to 320p in March this year. But overall the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s high volume of sales and their cost efficiencies will help to ease any impact of investment in price and new salary increases. Primarily Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s has fought to focus on providing for the specific needs of the customer over the past few years and has succeeded in benefiting from those objectives. Bibliography Boyer, K.K, Frohlich, M.T, Hult,T.M (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Extending the Suppl y Chain: How Cutting-edge Companies Bridge the Critical Last Mile Into Customers Homesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, AMACOM Div Mgmt Assn Financial Times (2008) https://markets.ft.com/tearsheets/performance.asp?s=uk%3ASBRY, Date accessed 12/09/08 Food and Grocery conference (2008) https://www.igd.com/cir.asp?menuid=22cirid=2563, Date accessed 12/09/08 Investment Advisory site article à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t Sell Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Rodney Hobson (2008) https://www.fool.co.uk/news/investing/company-comment/2008/05/14/dont-sell-sainsbury.aspx, Date accessed 12/09/08 Jivkov, M (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Week Ahead: Huge profits leap in store for J Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Independent Newspaper Knights, M (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sainsburys calls time on IT outsourcing contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Computing magazine MacArthur Foundation (1999) J Sainsbury Plc and the Home Depot: J. Sainsbury PLC and the Home Depot U. K. /U. S.: Island Press Walsh, F (2007), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s: a history in Picturesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The Guardian newspaper Ibaraki, T, Nonobe, K, Yagiura, M (2005) Metaheuristics: Progress as Real Problem Solvers: Springer Wildman, M (1998) The BSE Inquiry / Statement No 166, J Sainsbury plc (2008), Flex News J Sainsbury plc: Three-Year Targets Exceeded https://www.flex-news-food.com/pages/16427/Sainsbury/j-sainsbury-plc-three-year-targets-exceeded.html J.Sainsbury plc (2003), Annual Report and Financial Statements https://www.jsainsburys.co.uk/files/reports/ar2003/pdf/annual_report.pdf, Date accessed, 11/09/08 J.Sainsbury plc: Investors Report: Company News (2004) https://www.jsainsburys.co.uk/index.asp?PageID=418news_filter=allYear=2004NewsID=489, Date accessed 11, 09, 08 J.Sainsbury plc, Company news (2005), https://www.jsainsbury.com/index.asp?PageID=322subsection=news_releasesYear=2005NewsID=531, Date accessed 10/09/08 J.Sainsbury plc, Corpo rate Responsibility Report (2005) https://www.j-sainsbury.com/files/reports/cr2005/index.asp?pageid=22, Date accessed 10/09/08 J.Sainsbury plc: Annual Report (2005) https://www.jsainsburys.co.uk/files/reports/cr2005/files/pdf/report.pdf Date accessed 08/09/08 J.Sainsbury plc: Annual Report (2006) https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar06/overview/groupperformance.shtml, Date accessed 09/09/08 J.Sainsbury plc: Chief Executiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Operating Review, Annual Report (2006) https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar06/ceor/ceor10.shtml, Date accessed 09/09/08 J.Sainsbury plc: Full Financials, Annual Report (2006) https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar06/fullfinancials/summary9.shtml, Date accessed 10/09/08 J.Sainsbury plc-Financial Review Annual Report (2007) https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar07/businessreview/financialreview4.shtml Date accessed 08/09/08 J.Sainsbury plc Governance Directorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Report, Annual Report (2007) https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar07/governance/ Date ac cessed 09/09/08 J.Sainsbury plc: Chairmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s statement (2008) https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar08/chairman/index.shtml, Date accessed 10/09/08 1 Footnotes [1] Boyer et al (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Extending the Supply Chain: How Cutting-edge Companies Bridge the Critical Last Mile Into Customers Homesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, AMACOM Div Mgmt Assn [2] Wildman,M (1998) The BSE Inquiry / Statement No 166, J Sainsbury plc [3] (2008), Flex News J Sainsbury plc: Three-Year Targets Exceeded [4] https://www.jsainsburys.co.uk/files/reports/ar2003/pdf/annual_report.pdf [5] https://www.jsainsburys.co.uk/files/reports/ar2003/pdf/annual_report.pdf [6] https://www.jsainsburys.co.uk/files/reports/ar2003/pdf/annual_report.pdf [7] Ibaraki,T, Nonobe,K, Yagiura,M (2005) Metaheuristics: Progress as Real Problem Solvers: Springer [8] https://www.j-sainsbury.com/index.asp?PageID=322subsection=news_releasesYear=2005NewsID=531 [9] https://www.j-sainsbury.com/files/reports/cr2005/index.asp?pageid=22 [10] https://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/reports/cr2005/index.asp?pageid=90 [11] https://www.jsainsburys.co.uk/files/reports/ar2003/pdf/an nual_report.pdf [12] https://www.jsainsburys.co.uk/index.asp?PageID=418news_filter=allYear=2004NewsID=489 [13] https://www.jsainsburys.co.uk/files/reports/cr2005/files/pdf/report.pdf [14] Jivkov,M (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Week Ahead: Huge profits leap in store for J Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Independent Newspaper [15] https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar07/businessreview/financialreview4.shtml [16] https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar07/governance/ [17] https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar06/overview/groupperformance.shtml [18] https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar06/fullfinancials/retailing.shtm [19] https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar06/fullfinancials/retailing.shtm [20] https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar06/ceor/ceor10.shtml [21] Miya Knights (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sainsburys calls time on IT outsourcing contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Computing magazine [22] https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar06/fullfinancials/summary9.shtml [23] https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar07/businessreview/financi alreview7.shtml [24] Fiona Walsh (2007), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s: a history in Picturesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ , The Guardian newspaper [25] Fiona Walsh (2007), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sainsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s: a history in Picturesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ , The Guardian newspaper [26] Chairmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s statement (2008) https://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar08/chairman/index.shtml, Date accessed 10/09/08 [27] https://markets.ft.com/tearsheets/performance.asp?s=uk:SBRY [28] Food and Grocery conference (2008) https://www.igd.com/cir.asp?menuid=22cirid=2563 [29] https://www.fool.co.uk/news/investing/company-comment/2008/05/14/dont-sell-sainsbury.aspx